{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:27:04Z","timestamp":1790011624656,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: To systematically review evidence on the safety and efficacy of psychopharmacological treatments available for psychomotor agitation (PA) in children and adolescents. (2) Methods: Studies assessing the safety and efficacy of psychopharmacological treatments for acute PA in children and adolescents that were published between January 1984 and June 2022 on PubMed were systematically reviewed. We included: (i) papers that presented a combination of the search terms specified in the \u201cSearch strategy\u201d sub-paragraph; (ii) manuscripts in English; (iii) original papers; (iv) prospective or retrospective\/observational studies and experimental or quasi-experimental reports. The exclusion criteria were: (i) review papers; (ii) non-original studies including editorials and book reviews; (iii) studies not specifically designed and focused on the selected topic. (3) Results: We selected 42 papers: 11 case series (11\/42, 26.19%), 8 chart reviews (8\/42, 19.05%), 8 case reports (8\/42, 19.05%), 6 double-blind placebo-controlled randomized studies (6\/42, 14.29%), 4 double-blind controlled randomized studies (4\/42, 9.52%), 4 open-label trials (4\/42, 9.52%) and 1 case control (1\/42, 2.38%). (4) Conclusions: The drugs most frequently used to treat agitation in children and adolescents were ziprasidone, risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine and valproic acid. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy\/safety ratio, considering the limited number of observations in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:21:54Z","timestamp":1674616914000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Critical Review of the Psychomotor Agitation Treatment in Youth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2184-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniamino","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addictions, Division of Psychiatry, ASST Crema, Via Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy"},{"name":"Pisa-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Psychiatry, University of Insubria, Viale Luigi Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Matarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addictions, Clinical Psychology Service, ASST Crema, Via Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Glauco","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pisa-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Psychiatry, University of Insubria, Viale Luigi Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.1.116","article-title":"Race disparities in psychiatric rates in emergency departments","volume":"73","author":"Kunen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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