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Although this association is well-established, the factors inducing and accelerating cognitive decline beyond ageing and the intricate causal pathways and multilateral interdependencies involved remain poorly understood. Dysregulated and persistent inflammatory processes have been implicated as potentially causal mediators of the adverse consequences on brain function in patients with cardiac disease. Recent advances in positron emission tomography disclosed an enhanced level of neuroinflammation of cortical and subcortical brain regions as an important correlate of altered cognition in these patients. In preclinical and clinical investigations, the thereby involved domains and cell types of the brain are gradually better characterized. Microglia, resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, appear to be of particular importance, as they are extremely sensitive to even subtle pathological alterations affecting their complex interplay with neighboring astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, infiltrating myeloid cells, and lymphocytes. Here, we review the current evidence linking cognitive impairment and chronic neuroinflammation in patients with various selected cardiac disorders including the aspect of chronic neuroinflammation as a potentially druggable target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:53:18Z","timestamp":1674618798000},"page":"329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Cardiac Disease: Evidence, Relevance, and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Traub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-6753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1771-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"St\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Disease","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.017","article-title":"Heart failure etiologies and clinical factors precipitating for worsening heart failure: Findings from BIOSTAT-CHF","volume":"71","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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