{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:35:26Z","timestamp":1792733726710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pleural space infections have been a well-recognized clinical syndrome for over 4000 years and continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, our collective understanding of the causative pathophysiology has greatly expanded over the last few decades, as have our treatment options. The aim of this paper is to review recent updates in our understanding of this troublesome disease and to provide updates on established and emerging treatment modalities for patients suffering from pleural space infections. With that, we present a review and discussion synthesizing the recent pertinent literature surrounding the history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of these challenging infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T07:34:41Z","timestamp":1675064081000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pleural Space Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sean P. F.","family":"Foley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Scott","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii41","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.137000","article-title":"Management of pleural infection in adults: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00005610","article-title":"Empyema thoracis: New insights into an old disease","volume":"19","author":"Brims","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. 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