{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:27:34Z","timestamp":1791415654774,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Projects Commission of Acibadem Mehmet Ali Ayd\u0131nlar University, Istanbul","award":["2021\/03\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/03\/02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gastroprotective potential of ferulic acid (FA) on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats with macroscopic and microscopic examinations along with biochemical assays. (2) Methods: After 24 h starvation, the ulcer was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by subcutaneous indomethacin (25 mg\/kg) injection. Fifteen minutes after ulcer induction, rats were treated with either tween 80 or FA. FA was given by oral gavage at 100 mg\/kg, 250 mg\/kg, and 500 mg\/kg. In the fourth hour, rats were euthanized and collected gastric samples were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Antioxidant parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inflammatory parameters comprising of myeloperoxidase (MPO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-\u03b1, Interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6 and Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-\u03baB) p65 levels were also determined. (3) Results: Indomethacin injection significantly increased the macroscopic and microscopic scores. In addition, it increased the gastric MDA, MPO, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and NF-\u03baB p65 levels but reduced SOD and GSH content. Treatment with FA significantly improved the gastric injury macroscopically and microscopically. Moreover, FA displayed a marked decrease in the gastric levels of MDA, MPO, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and NF-\u03baB p65 and a significant increase in SOD and GSH compared to the INDO group. Ultimately, 250 mg\/kg FA was determined as the most effective dose. (4) Conclusion: Our results revealed that FA has a gastroprotective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As a result, FA may be a potential treatment choice for gastric ulcers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T03:22:47Z","timestamp":1675221767000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Ferulic Acid Treats Gastric Ulcer via Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aleyna","family":"Ermis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Icerenkoy Mah., Kayisdagi Cad. No: 32, Atasehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2450-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gozde","family":"Aritici Colak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Icerenkoy Mah., Kayisdagi Cad. No: 32, Atasehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Acikel-Elmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Icerenkoy Mah., Kayisdagi Cad. No: 32, Atasehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"Arbak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Icerenkoy Mah., Kayisdagi Cad. No: 32, Atasehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meltem","family":"Kolgazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Icerenkoy Mah., Kayisdagi Cad. No: 32, Atasehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32404-7","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"390","author":"Lanas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20203166","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203166","article-title":"Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of Thai perilla frutescence fruit oil in animals","volume":"41","author":"Paradee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tkacs, N., Herrmann, L., and Johnson, R. (2020). Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology: Essentials for Clinical Practice, Springer Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826177087"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i7.545","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: Commensal, symbiont or pathogen?","volume":"27","author":"Reshetnyak","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.18433\/J3VW2F","article-title":"Adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An update of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal complications","volume":"16","author":"Harirforoosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2016.1142872","article-title":"Management of NSAID-associated peptic ulcer disease","volume":"10","author":"Melcarne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleid, I.S., Alfheeaid, H.A., Aljutaily, T., Alhomaid, R.M., Alharbi, H.F., Althwab, S.A., Abdel-Rahman, H.A., AlGeffari, M.A., and Barakat, H. (2021). Gastroprotective effects of spirulina platensis, golden kiwifruit flesh, and golden kiwifruit peel extracts individually or in combination against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103499"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173812","article-title":"The effect of metformin on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer: Involvement of nitric oxide\/Rho kinase pathway","volume":"892","author":"AbdelAziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karampour, N.S., Arzi, A., Rezaie, A., Pashmforoosh, M., and Kordi, F. (2019). Gastroprotective effect of zingerone on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55030064"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1516773","article-title":"Ferulic acid ameliorated placental inflammation and apoptosis in rat with preeclampsia","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.09.002","article-title":"Potential applications of ferulic acid from natural sources","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X13666190621125048","article-title":"Ferulic acid: A promising therapeutic phytochemical and recent patents advances","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.02.028","article-title":"New insights into the ameliorative effects of ferulic acid in pathophysiological conditions","volume":"103","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-82502013000300002","article-title":"Ferulic acid and derivatives: Molecules with potential application in the pharmaceutical field","volume":"49","author":"Goldbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.09.015","article-title":"Evaluation of antiulcer activity of the main phenolic acids found in Brazilian green propolis","volume":"120","author":"Lemos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.06.057","article-title":"Nesfatin-1 alleviates gastric damage via direct antioxidant mechanisms","volume":"193","author":"Kolgazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.10.023","article-title":"Ferulic acid induces neural progenitor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"165","author":"Yabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cilingir, S., A\u00e7\u0131kel-Elmas, M., Arbak, S., and Kolgazi, M. (Inflammopharmacology, 2022). Ferulic acid attenuates panrceaticobiliary duct occlusion induced inflammation in both pancreas and liver, Inflammopharmacology, preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2361118\/v1"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"8180323","article-title":"Methanolic extract of distemonanthus benthamianus (caesalpiniaceae) stem bark suppresses ethanol\/indomethacin-induced chronic gastric injury in rats","volume":"2020","author":"Marte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03579.x","article-title":"Exposure to continuous darkness ameliorates gastric and colonic inflammation in the rat: Both receptor and non-receptor-mediated processes","volume":"20","author":"Erkanli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-013-0241-z","article-title":"Effect of selenium and grape seed extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats","volume":"69","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2161","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of vanillin on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Protective pathways and anti-Secretory mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Katary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-006-0121-y","article-title":"Protective effects of proton pump inhibitors against indomethacin-induced lesions in the rat small intestine","volume":"374","author":"Pozzoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.06.026","article-title":"Protective effect of ferulic acid on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats","volume":"54","author":"Bami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-014-0446-0","article-title":"Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases","volume":"30","author":"Phaniendra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2012","article-title":"Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases","volume":"94","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.13048\/jkm.15032","article-title":"Protective effects of BK-1202 on the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"36","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02398D","article-title":"Protective effect of ferulic acid on STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-015-1208-0","article-title":"Pharmacological reports about gastroprotective effects of methanolic extract from leaves of Solidago chilensis (Brazilian arnica) and its components quercitrin and afzelin in rodents","volume":"389","author":"Boeing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.04.025","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of andrographolide sodium bisulfite against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaghlool, S.S., Abo-Seif, A.A., Rabeh, M.A., Abdelmohsen, U.R., and Messiha, B.A. (2019). Gastro-protective and anti-oxidant potential of Althaea officinalis and solanum nigrum on pyloric ligation\/indomethacin-induced ulceration in rats. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110512"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S237107","article-title":"Alleviation of liver dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation underlies the protective effect of ferulic acid in methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Roghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-012-0670-y","article-title":"Protective effect of D-002, a mixture of beeswax alcohols, against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers and mechanism of action","volume":"67","author":"Mas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4205","article-title":"Ferulic acid attenuated acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity though down-regulating the cytochrome P 2E1 and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 signaling-mediated inflammation in mice","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-S., Nam, Y., Song, J., and Kim, H. (2020). Gastroprotective and healing effects of polygonum cuspidatum root on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082241"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.12.024","article-title":"Ferulic acid: Pharmacological and toxicological aspects","volume":"65","author":"Mancuso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00121","article-title":"Anti-hypertensive effect of cereal antioxidant ferulic acid and its mechanism of action","volume":"6","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585394","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3585394","article-title":"Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of water extract of Acrostichum aureum Linn. against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"2018","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03126-5","article-title":"Olmesartan niosomes ameliorates the Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Insights on MAPK and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"38","author":"Sallam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0424-2","article-title":"Silver oxide nanoparticles alleviate indomethacin-induced gastric injury: A novel antiulcer agent","volume":"26","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00403A","article-title":"Protective effects of trigonelline against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats and potential underlying mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Antonisamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5630","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20165630","article-title":"Ferulic acid lowers body weight and visceral fat accumulation via modulation of enzymatic, hormonal and inflammatory changes in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity","volume":"50","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0369-4","article-title":"The effects of ferulic acid against oxidative stress and inflammation in formaldehyde-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"39","author":"Gerin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111675","article-title":"Syzygium samarangense leaf extract mitigates indomethacin-induced gastropathy via the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in rats","volume":"139","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.018","article-title":"Ferulic acid inhibits bovine endometrial epithelial cells against LPS-induced inflammation via suppressing NK-\u03baB and MAPK pathway","volume":"126","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00645B","article-title":"Benzyl isothiocyanates modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways on indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats","volume":"12","author":"Ogaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.031","article-title":"Involvement of MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signal transduction pathways: Camellia japonica mitigates inflammation and gastric ulcer","volume":"95","author":"Akanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.169","article-title":"Ferulic acid protects lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury by suppressing inflammatory events and upregulating antioxidant defenses in Balb\/c mice","volume":"100","author":"Mir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.11.009","article-title":"Gastroprotective effects and antimicrobial activity of Lithraea molleoides and isolated compounds against helicobacter pylori","volume":"176","author":"Garro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1503","article-title":"Hydroalcoholic extract from Baccharis dracunculifolia recovers the gastric ulcerated tissue, and p-coumaric acid is a pivotal bioactive compound to this action","volume":"45","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00749-9","article-title":"Chemical constituents and gastro-protective potential of Pachira glabra leaves against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rat model","volume":"29","author":"Youssef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i13.1479","article-title":"Curcumin prevents indomethacin-induced gastropathy in rats","volume":"18","author":"Choochuai","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2012.28807","article-title":"Experimental study Effect of glucocorticoids on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in the adult male albino rat\u2013histological, morphometric and electron microscopy study","volume":"10","author":"Zaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/2\/388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:20:42Z","timestamp":1760120442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/2\/388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life13020388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13020388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}}}