{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:26:00Z","timestamp":1771658760965,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the many factors inducing prostate inflammation, bacterial contribution is potentially underrated according to the scientific community. Bacterial prostatitis is characterized by modifications of the prostatic microenvironment, mainly driven by the immune system. Macrophages play a major role in bacterial prostatitis, secreting a plethora of proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokines and proteolytic enzymes able to degrade the ECM, so facilitating the invasion of other immune cells. Consequently, macrophages represent a link between bacterial infection and prostate inflammation, as well as being the main target of prostate anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary supplements. This study aims to investigate the effect of a formulation composed of active principles and a probiotic strain with a particular focus on the anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro bacterial prostatitis model. The results obtained showed that the formulation reduces the inflammatory response of prostatic epithelium induced by bacterial infection. This effect is mediated by the modulation of activated macrophages. Analysis of the cytokines released highlights that the tested formulation is able to reduce the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, in particular prostate cancer, and represents a valuable tool to prevent bacterial prostatitis and ensure favorable prostate health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T03:22:47Z","timestamp":1675221767000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotics and Natural Extract-Based Formulation in Bacterial-Induced Prostatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stefania","family":"Murzilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrilinea srl, I-21013 Gallarate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mirone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Sciences of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4911-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Micheletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECSIN\u2014European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, EcamRicert SRL, I-35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3514-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Tedesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECSIN\u2014European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, EcamRicert SRL, I-35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Di","family":"Maira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECSIN\u2014European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, EcamRicert SRL, I-35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Benetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECSIN\u2014European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, EcamRicert SRL, I-35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Vanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrilinea srl, I-21013 Gallarate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2007.09.005","article-title":"Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Pontari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol. 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