{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:22Z","timestamp":1760147482386,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VEGA","award":["1\/0022\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0022\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) activates several pathophysiological mechanisms which can lead to the development of vascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an initial step in the development of atherosclerosis. The association between ED and OSA has been described in several studies, even in previously healthy subjects. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) were generally considered to be atheroprotective, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to be an atherogenic component of lipoproteins. However, recent findings suggest a pro-atherogenic role of small HDL subfractions (8\u201310) and LDL subfractions (3\u20137). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between endothelial function and lipid subfractions in previously healthy OSA subjects. Material and Methods: We prospectively enrolled 205 subjects with sleep monitoring. Plasma levels of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and their subfractions were assessed. Endothelial function was determined using peripheral arterial tonometry, and reperfusion hyperemia index (RHI) was assessed. Results: Plasma levels of small and intermediate HDL subfractions have statistically significant pro-atherogenic correlations with endothelial function (p = 0.015 and p = 0.019). In other lipoprotein levels, no other significant correlation was found with RHI. In stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, small HDL (beta = \u22120.507, p = 0.032) was the only significant contributor in the model predicting RHI. Conclusions: In our studied sample, a pro-atherogenic role of small HDL subfractions in previously healthy subjects with moderate-to-severe OSA was proven.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1675656487000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lipoprotein Subfractions Associated with Endothelial Function in Previously Healthy Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Sleep Apnea\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alzbeta","family":"Hluchanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bratislava, 85107 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislav","family":"Kollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Klobucnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslava","family":"Hardonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Poddany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, General Hospital, 03123 Liptovsky Mikulas, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Zitnanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Dvorakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Konarikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Tedla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT and HNS, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2872-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Urik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Klail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 11000 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Skopek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 11000 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Turcani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Siarnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hankey, G.J., Wardlaw, J.M., Gorelick, P.B., and Testai, F.D. (2014). Hankey\u2019s Clinical Neurology, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","article-title":"Pathophysiology of sleep apnea","volume":"90","author":"Dempsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1101","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00094.2015","article-title":"Translational approaches to understanding metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"309","author":"Drager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4678","article-title":"Abnormalities of lipoprotein concentrations in obstructive sleep apnea are related to insulin resistance","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022287","article-title":"Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"348","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.2.191","article-title":"Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients","volume":"104","author":"Perticone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209789058093","article-title":"Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Victor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093245","article-title":"The assessment of endothelial function: From research into clinical practice","volume":"126","author":"Flammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq010","article-title":"Assessment of endothelial function by non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry predicts late cardiovascular adverse events","volume":"31","author":"Rubinshtein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.073","article-title":"Digital assessment of endothelial function and ischemic heart disease in women","volume":"55","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Association between endothelial function (assessed on reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry) and obstructive sleep apnea, visceral fat accumulation, and serum adiponectin","volume":"79","author":"Azuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. J. Off. J. Jpn. Circ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.02.010","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children is associated with severity-dependent deterioration in overnight endothelial function","volume":"14","author":"Etzioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"142","article-title":"Predictors of impaired endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Siarnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106, 3143\u20133421.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01426-z","article-title":"Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"21","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0852-1","article-title":"Dyslipidemia: Another brick in the wall. A feasible link in the OSA-cardiovascular disease axis","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Breath. Schlaf. Atm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.36290\/vnl.2018.130","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia","volume":"64","author":"Mucska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283373624","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia: Implications for atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Drager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"502","article-title":"HDL subfractions analysis: A new laboratory diagnostic assay for patients with cardiovascular diseases and dyslipoproteinemia","volume":"32","author":"Oravec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01604-8","article-title":"The impact of sleep apnea syndrome on the altered lipid metabolism and the redox balance","volume":"20","author":"Kollar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2012","article-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events","volume":"176","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rules Terminol. Tech. Specif. Darien Ill. Am. Acad. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.2.266","article-title":"Development of a rapid, quantitative method for LDL subfractionation with use of the Quantimetrix Lipoprint LDL System","volume":"47","author":"Hoefner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"904141","article-title":"Evaluation of the EndoPAT as a Tool to Assess Endothelial Function","volume":"2012","author":"Moerland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"w14436","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing: Clinical features, pathophysiology and diagnosis","volume":"147","author":"Ott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss. Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2020-0826","article-title":"The potential of miR-499 plasmatic level as a biomarker of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Slouka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.069","article-title":"Sleep Apnea: Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Cardiovascular Consequences","volume":"69","author":"Javaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2015_114","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxia Impairs Endothelial Function in Early Preatherosclerosis","volume":"858","author":"Tuleta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1906","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for cardiac and vascular disease","volume":"290","author":"Shamsuzzaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"6939","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction-An overview of predictive laboratory biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Storari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9681595","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9681595","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Markers among Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients","volume":"2021","author":"Stanek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770930","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.770930","article-title":"Editorial: The Complex Interaction Between Biological, Metabolic and Neurologic Dysregulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"12","author":"Trakada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatt, S.P., Guleria, R., and Kabra, S.K. (2021). Metabolic alterations and systemic inflammation in overweight\/obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252353"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.03.001","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and atherosclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Arnaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e648","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006904","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing after stroke and TIA: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Seiler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000051384.43104.FC","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: A marker of atherosclerotic risk","volume":"23","author":"Bonetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and the Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200306-767OC","article-title":"Endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea and response to treatment","volume":"169","author":"Ip","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574416628654","article-title":"Dyslipidemia Part 1--Review of Lipid Metabolism and Vascular Cell Physiology","volume":"50","author":"Helkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4","article-title":"Contribution of the atherogenic lipoprotein profile to the development of arterial hypertension","volume":"112","author":"Oravec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"496","article-title":"Lipoprotein profile in patients who survive a stroke","volume":"32","author":"Oravec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"322","article-title":"Hyper-betalipoproteinemia LDL 1,2: A newly identified nonatherogenic hypercholesterolemia in a group of hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"32","author":"Oravec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2016.1243257","article-title":"Association of lipoprotein subfractions with endothelial function and arterial stiffness in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"77","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319711433811","article-title":"Size and subclasses of low-density lipoproteins in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"63","author":"Sopkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meszaros, M., and Bikov, A. (2022). Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Lipid Metabolism: The Summary of Evidence and Future Perspectives in the Pathophysiology of OSA-Associated Dyslipidaemia. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112754"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"199","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical activity and safety of Daflon 500 mg in type 2 diabetic female patients","volume":"17","author":"Rizk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J. SPJ Off. Publ. Saudi Pharm. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"169","article-title":"Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Patients on Regular Hemodialysis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"27","author":"Ateya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr. Off. J. Counc. Ren. Nutr. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19312","article-title":"Effects of Ramipril on Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation in Hypertensive Children on Maintenance Hemodialysis: The SEARCH Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"79","author":"Ateya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-019-02243-w","article-title":"Effect of febuxostat on oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with endothelial dysfunction: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study","volume":"51","author":"Alshahawey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1159\/000471893","article-title":"Effect of Febuxostat on the Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Study","volume":"45","author":"Alshahawey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.09.014","article-title":"The impact of cholecalciferol on markers of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients: A randomized placebo controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Alshahawey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. NMCD"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-112","article-title":"Atherogenic subfractions of lipoproteins in the treatment of metabolic syndrome by physical activity and diet-the RESOLVE trial","volume":"13","author":"Dutheil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.10.010","article-title":"Effect of 8-weeks intensive lifestyle intervention on LDL and HDL subfractions","volume":"13","author":"Bajer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habanova, M., Holovicova, M., Scepankova, H., Lorkova, M., Gazo, J., Gazarova, M., Pinto, C.A., Saraiva, J.A., and Estevinho, L.M. (2022). Modulation of Lipid Profile and Lipoprotein Subfractions in Overweight\/Obese Women at Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases through the Consumption of Apple\/Berry Juice. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112239"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.034","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on lipid profile in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"234","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/2\/441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:24:11Z","timestamp":1760120651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/2\/441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life13020441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13020441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]}}}