{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:02:41Z","timestamp":1770271361315,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cElectrocardiology-Ochojec\u201d Foundation"},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Symptoms of long COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID-19) are reported by 80% of convalescents up to several months after contracting the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). The study aimed to assess the frequency and correlations of long COVID symptoms with sex, disease severity, time since the onset of the disease, and exercise capacity in a population of Polish convalescents hospitalized as a part of a rehabilitation program after COVID-19. The retrospective analysis was carried out based on medical records concerning reported symptoms, comorbidities, exercise capacity, fatigue and dyspnea on Borg\u2019s scale, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), spirometric parameters, chest X-rays\/computed tomography scans, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction. The study involved 471 patients aged 63.83 \u00b1 9.93 years who had been hospitalized 191.32 \u00b1 75.69 days from the onset of COVID-19, of which 269 (57.1%) were women. The most common symptoms were fatigue (99.57%), dyspnea (99.36%), and myalgia (97.03%). Women reported more symptoms than men (p &lt; 0.001) and rated their fatigue as more severe (p = 0.021). Patients with depressed moods reported more physical symptoms than others (p &lt; 0.001). Most long COVID symptoms, including dyspnea, fatigue, and depressive symptoms, were found with the same frequency in patients 12\u201324 weeks and &gt;24 weeks after recovery (p = 0.874, p = 0.400, and p = 0.320, respectively), regardless of acute COVID-19 severity (p = 0.240, p = 0.826, and p = 0.108, respectively). Dyspnea severity correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC) (r = \u22120.153, p = 0.005), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r = \u22120.142, p = 0.008). Fatigue severity correlated with impaired FVC and FEV1 (both r = \u22120.162, p = 0.003). Fatigue and dyspnea inversely correlated with the distance in a six-minute walk test (r = \u22120.497, p &lt; 0.001, and r = \u22120.327, p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, in our cohort, long COVID symptoms are more common in women. Dyspnea\/fatigue and depressive symptoms do not tend to subside after an average six-month recovery period. The intensity of perceived fatigue may be exaggerated by the coexistence of neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased fatigue and dyspnea correlate with impaired spirometric parameters and significantly affects convalescents\u2019 exercise capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T04:32:58Z","timestamp":1676262778000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Long COVID-19 Syndrome Severity According to Sex, Time from the Onset of the Disease, and Exercise Capacity\u2014The Results of a Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Paradowska-Nowakowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, \u201cUstron\u201d Health Resort, 43-450 Ustron, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"\u0141oboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology and Heart Failure, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Upper-Silesian Medical Centre, 40-653 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5722-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof S.","family":"Go\u0142ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology and Heart Failure, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Upper-Silesian Medical Centre, 40-653 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Sarecka-Hujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","article-title":"6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738221125632","article-title":"COVID Symptoms; Symptom Clusters; and Predictors for Becoming a Long-Hauler Looking for Clarity in the Haze of the Pandemic","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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