{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:40:46Z","timestamp":1773124846967,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is frequently accompanied by neurological manifestations such as headache, delirium, and epileptic seizures, whereas ageusia and anosmia may appear before respiratory symptoms. Among the various neurological COVID-19-related comorbidities, Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) has gained increasing attention. Some cases of PD disease have been linked to COVID-19, and both motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients frequently worsen following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although it is still unclear whether PD increases the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether COVID-19 increases the risk of or unmasks future cases of PD, emerging evidence sheds more light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between these two diseases. Among them, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a significant component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), seems to play a pivotal role. ACE2 is required for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the human host cells, and ACE2 dysregulation is implicated in the severity of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ACE2 imbalance is implicated in core shared pathophysiological mechanisms between PD and COVID-19, including aberrant inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. ACE2 may also be implicated in alpha-synuclein-induced dopaminergic degeneration, gut\u2013brain axis dysregulation, blood\u2013brain axis disruption, autonomic dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and hyposmia, which are key features of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T03:37:24Z","timestamp":1676432244000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exploring the Role of ACE2 as a Connecting Link between COVID-19 and Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthalia","family":"Angelopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7094-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Karlafti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicin, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki E.","family":"Georgakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases-COVID-19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3565-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Papalexis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sokratis G.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Savopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicin, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20202135","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202135","article-title":"Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain","volume":"218","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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