{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:16:07Z","timestamp":1790824567554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the morphology changes of the mandibular symphysis (MS) in a longitudinal retrospective cohort of class II untreated subjects. The study sample included 120 subjects followed during normal growth and examined at the age of 12 (T0) and 15 (T1) years. MS was traced using two landmarks and ten sliding semi-landmarks. The acquired morphological data were processed via Procrustes superimposition that allowed to study variation and covariation in MS\u2019form according to specific variables such as age, gender, and skeletal pattern. The first two principal components (PCs) described more than 90 % of the total morphological variation. Both types of form changes of the symphysis could be associated with the different skeletal vertical growth patterns. Age and sex did not interfere with the form of chin symphysis. Moreover, there was no significant covariation between initial MS morphology and form modifications. Clinicians should not expect to be faced with spontaneous changes of the form of the symphysis during the orthodontic treatment of adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T06:33:01Z","timestamp":1676442781000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mandibular Symphysis Growth between 12 and 15 Years of Age in Class II Malocclusion Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Venezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3059-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ronsivalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Lacagnina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Conforte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4267-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9433-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalia","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Lo Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties\u2014Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(84)90028-9","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample","volume":"86","author":"Skieller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(73)90021-3","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: Its influence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djordjevic, J., Zhurov, A.I., Richmond, S., and Visigen Consortium (2016). Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Facial Morphological Variation: A 3D Population-Based Twin Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162250"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880309","article-title":"Muscle force recruitment and biomechanical modeling: An analysis of masseter muscle function during mastication inMacaca fascicularis","volume":"88","author":"Hylander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90036-0","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"153","article-title":"The human chin and its relationship to mandibular morphology","volume":"49","author":"Haskell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.10.039","article-title":"Cross-sectional human mandibular morphology as assessed in vivo by cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different vertical facial dimensions","volume":"139","author":"Swasty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2319\/030513-185.1","article-title":"Mandibular symphysis morphology and dimensions in different anteroposterior jaw relationships","volume":"84","author":"Badran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2019.49.3.170","article-title":"Relationship between the maxillofacial skeletal pattern and the morphology of the mandibular symphysis: Structural equation modeling","volume":"49","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0264-2","article-title":"3D evaluation of maxillary morphology in Marfan growing subjects: A controlled clinical study","volume":"20","author":"Palmacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(04)80085-2","article-title":"Regional dissociated heterochrony in multivariate analysis","volume":"186","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2002)028<0551:CTCPHA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Changing Times, Changing Places: Heterochrony and Heterotopy-Beyond Heterochrony: The Evolution of Development. Edited by Miriam Zelditch. Wiley-Liss, New York. 2001. 371 pages. Cloth $99.95.-The odyssey of heterochrony is exceedingly curious (Gould 1977: p. 221)","volume":"28","author":"McNamara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1109\/34.24792","article-title":"Principal warps: Thin-plate splines and the decomposition of deformations","volume":"11","author":"Bookstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2007.00185.x","article-title":"Combining ontogenetic and evolutionary scales of morphological disparity: A study of early Jurassic ammonites","volume":"9","author":"Gerber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1915). Thompson DJTotRSoE. Morphol. Math., 50, 857\u2013895.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800017105"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2307\/2528418","article-title":"An Almost Unbiased Method of Obtaining Confidence Intervals for the Probability of Misclassification in Discriminant Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Lachenbruch","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2307\/2413249","article-title":"The Geometry of Canonical Variate Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Campbell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Syst. Zool."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Timm, N.H. (2002). Applied Multivariate Analysis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1080\/106351500750049806","article-title":"Use of Two-Block Partial Least-Squares to Study Covariation in Shape","volume":"49","author":"Rohlf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.7.3.145","article-title":"The Dentoalveolar Compensatory Mechanism: Background and Clinical Implications","volume":"7","author":"Solow","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Huang, J., and Jiang, J.-H. (2019). Morphological analysis of the alveolar bone of the anterior teeth in severe high-angle skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210461"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2010.01491.x","article-title":"Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Jossvassalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2119347","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.26.4.e2119347.oar","article-title":"Factors associated with the morphology of the mandibular symphysis and soft tissue chin","volume":"26","author":"Evangelista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(96)80006-0","article-title":"Mandibular incisors, alveolar bone, and symphysis after orthodontic treatment. A retrospective study","volume":"110","author":"Wehrbein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju034","article-title":"Alveolar bone mapping in subjects with different vertical facial dimensions","volume":"37","author":"Sadek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.05.046","article-title":"Relationship between masticatory function and internal structure of the mandible based on computed tomography findings","volume":"128","author":"Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.D., Patano, A., Coloccia, G., Ceci, S., Inchingolo, A.M., Marinelli, G., Malcangi, G., Montenegro, V., Laudadio, C., and Di Pede, C. (2022). The Efficacy of a New AMCOP\u00ae Elastodontic Protocol for Orthodontic Interceptive Treatment: A Case Series and Literature Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020988"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.22.081","article-title":"Geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular symphysis in Class III skeletal base","volume":"55","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"786","article-title":"Mandibular growth during adolescence","volume":"76","author":"Gomes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-008-9029-4","article-title":"Novelty and \u201cHomology-free\u201d Morphometrics: What\u2019s in a Name?","volume":"35","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12607-5","article-title":"The relevance of late MSA mandibles on the emergence of modern morphology in Northern Africa","volume":"12","author":"Bergmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018793","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1018793","article-title":"Influence of Vertical Facial Growth Pattern on Herbst Appliance Effects in Prepubertal Patients: A Retrospective Controlled Study","volume":"2020","author":"Giuca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"107","article-title":"Impact of self-ligating orthodontic brackets on dental biofilm and periodontal pathogens in adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Carli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montinaro, F., Nucci, L., D\u2019Apuzzo, F., Perillo, L., Chiarenza, M.C., and Grassia, V. (2022). Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as treatment of joint and muscle pain in temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review. Cranio, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2022.2031688"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(94)70022-2","article-title":"Assessment of symphysis morphology as a predictor of the direction of mandibular growth","volume":"106","author":"Aki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"117","article-title":"Oral manifestations in paediatric patients with hepatobiliary diseases: A review","volume":"35","author":"Sas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591251","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5591251","article-title":"Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Emerging evidence and treatment approach","volume":"2021","author":"Giuca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2015.45.4.263","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography: Time to move from ALARA to ALADA","volume":"45","author":"Jaju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Imaging Sci. Dent."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/2\/543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1760121398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/2\/543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life13020543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13020543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}