{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:08:00Z","timestamp":1789067280880,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UZ Brussel"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>About half of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) procedures in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), including men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS), are unsuccessful. To avoid unnecessary invasive surgery, biomarkers for spermatozoa were studied. In addition, markers for spermatogonia in testis tissue were explored. This study aimed to find biomarkers in the semen and\/or urine of NOA patients to predict the presence of spermatogonia in the testis. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified (1) between samples from patients with and without a positive TESE procedure as well as (2) between TESE-negative patients with and without spermatogonia. A total of thirteen upregulated miRNAs (ten in seminal plasma and three in urine) were found in the TESE-negative\/spermatogonia-positive group compared to the TESE-negative\/spermatogonia-negative group. These miRNAs could be potential biomarkers for spermatogonia; however, more research is necessary to validate their predictive power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1677124618000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Micro RNA in Semen\/Urine from Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Patients as Biomarkers to Predict the Presence of Testicular Spermatozoa and Spermatogonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Margo","family":"Willems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Devriendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brussels Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore) Platform, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Caljon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brussels Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore) Platform, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toon","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brussels Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (BRIGHTcore) Platform, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Gies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Vloeberghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Tournaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Perinatology and Reproduction, Institute of Professional Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, b. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorien","family":"Van Saen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28218","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.28218","article-title":"Review of Azoospermia","volume":"4","author":"Wosnitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350351","article-title":"Consensus statement on diagnosis and clinical management of Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Radicioni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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