{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:28:36Z","timestamp":1778009316111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that is very common in pediatric patients. In the literature, there are very few studies concerning the association between OSAS and class III malocclusion in children. The use of a rapid maxillary expander (RME) in association with the Delaire mask is a common treatment protocol for class III malocclusion. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cephalometric variations of upper airway dimensions and OSA-related clinical conditions after orthodontic treatment with an RME and the Delaire mask, as recorded in pediatric patients with a class III malocclusion who were affected by OSAS. In this preliminary study, 14 pediatric patients with mixed dentition, aged between 6 and 10 years, were selected. All patients were treated with an RME and the Delaire mask. Pre- and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs were traced, analyzed, and compared. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the upper airway linear measurements and the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal dimensions (p \u2264 0.05). This increase creates an improvement in airway patency and in OSAS-related clinical conditions. The use of the RME in association with the Delaire mask can be effective in the treatment of pediatric patients with a class III malocclusion who are affected by OSAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:57:49Z","timestamp":1677643069000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expander and Delaire Mask Treatment on Airway Sagittal Dimensions in Pediatric Patients Affected by Class III Malocclusion and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Caruso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department MeSVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Lisciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department MeSVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department MeSVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Fiasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department MeSVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Buttarazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researchers, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sarzi Amad\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Evangelisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department MeSVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department MeSVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.08.021","article-title":"Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Katyal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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