{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:39Z","timestamp":1760147799583,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. This is a type of food allergy to red meat and other mammalian products (e.g., gelatin). In Poland, this problem seems to be rare or, more likely, very underdiagnosed. The diagnosis of AGS is difficult. It seems that the knowledge about this syndrome is insufficient. There are no effective diagnostic tools able to clearly diagnose this cross-reactive allergy. This paper presents the clinical application of a non-standard method in the diagnosis of a cross-reactive allergy using the example of AGS. (2) Methods: standard tests for in vitro allergy diagnostics and the non-standard ImmunoCAP inhibition test(IT) were carried out for serum collected from a patient with a red meat allergy. (3) Results: the serum concentration of anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE was very high (302 kUA\/L), and IgE antibodies toanti-mammalian-meat allergens were found. The level of IgE antibodies to mammalian meat allergens decreased after blocking on \u03b1-GAL-CAP. The concentration of anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE decreased after blocking on CAPs coated with various mammalian meat allergens. Blocking with allergens of poultry meat did not affect the concentration of anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE. (4) Conclusions: the ImmunoCAP ITseems to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of cross-reactive allergies. Based on their clinical history and test results, the patient was diagnosed with AGS caused by a primary sensitization to \u03b1-Gal after a tick bite. This is the second case of AGS described in Poland and the first in Pomerania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T05:18:43Z","timestamp":1678079923000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Use of the ImmunoCAP Inhibition Test in the Diagnosis of Meat Allergy Caused by a Tick Bite in an Adult Male with No Previous Atopic History"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Ukleja-Soko\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Karwowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Sw. Floriana 12, 85-030 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Sw. Floriana 12, 85-030 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6044-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Paw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Sw. Floriana 12, 85-030 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Bartuzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002135","article-title":"Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A New Etiology for Periorbital Edema","volume":"38","author":"Avila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa074943","article-title":"Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galac-tose-alpha-1,3-galactose","volume":"358","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1912","article-title":"Anti-galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose IgE from allergic patients does not bind \u03b1-galactosylated glycans on intact therapeutic antibody Fc domains","volume":"29","author":"Rispens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.10.052","article-title":"Delayed ana-phylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galac-tose-alpha-1,3-galactose","volume":"123","author":"Commins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.09.017","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Patients with the \u03b1-Gal Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131917705714","article-title":"Diagnosis of Life-Threatening Alpha-Gal Food Allergy Appears to Be Patient Driven","volume":"8","author":"Flaherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13238","article-title":"Meat allergy associated with galactosyl-\u03b1-(1,3)-galactose (\u03b1-Gal)-Closing diagnostic gaps by anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE immune profiling","volume":"73","author":"Jappe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"102","article-title":"Alpha-Gal Syndrome","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"JEB Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001223","article-title":"Alpha-Gal Allergy as a Cause of Intestinal Symptoms in a Gastroenterology Community Practice","volume":"114","author":"Richards","year":"2021","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0672-7","article-title":"Galactose-\u03b1-1,3-Galactose: Atypical Food Allergen or Model IgE Hypersensitivity?","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0373","article-title":"IgE-Mediated Sensitization to Galactose-\u03b1-1,3- Galactose (\u03b1-Gal) in Urticaria and Anaphylaxis in Spain: Geographical Variations and Risk Factors","volume":"29","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v11i1.1901","article-title":"Ingestion of mammalian meat and alpha-gal allergy: Clinical relevance in primary care","volume":"11","author":"Mabelane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. Prim. Health Care Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.030","article-title":"\u03b1-Gal present on both glycolipids and glycoproteins contributes to immune response in meat-allergic patients","volume":"12","author":"Chakrapani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.006","article-title":"Glycolipid-mediated basophil activation in alpha-gal allergy","volume":"146","author":"Iweala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.03.021","article-title":"Galactose \u03b1-1,3-galactose phenotypes: Lessons from various patient populations","volume":"122","author":"Levin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iweala, O.I., Choudhary, S.K., Addison, C.T., and Commins, S.P. (2021). T and B Lymphocyte Transcriptional States Differentiate between Sensitized and Unsensitized Individuals in Alpha-Gal Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063185"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.108766","article-title":"Alpha-gal syndrome: The first report in Poland","volume":"46","author":"Brzozowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2022.2057583","article-title":"Sensitisation and allergic reactions to alpha-1,3-galactose in Podlasie, Poland, an area endemic for tick-borne infections","volume":"54","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac663","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac663","article-title":"Alpha-Gal Syndrome in the Infectious Diseases Clinic: A Series of 5 Cases in Central North Carolina","volume":"12","author":"Boyce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000503966","article-title":"Prevalence and Impact of Type I Sensitization to Alpha-Gal in Patients Consulting an Allergy Unit","volume":"181","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12969","article-title":"Predictive values of alpha-gal IgE levels and alpha-gal IgE: Total IgE ratio and oral food challenge-proven meat allergy in a population with a high prevalence of reported red meat allergy","volume":"29","author":"Mabelane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.35","article-title":"Galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose syndrome: An Italian survey","volume":"49","author":"Villalta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v8.i3.17","article-title":"Precision medicine allergy immunoassay methods for assessing immunoglobulin E sensitization to aeroallergen molecules","volume":"8","author":"Popescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-019-1506-5","article-title":"Alpha-gal allergy after a tick bite in Austria","volume":"131","author":"Pisazka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.038","article-title":"Relationship between red meat allergy and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose","volume":"129","author":"Mullins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0294-1","article-title":"Anaphylactic reaction in patient allergic to mango","volume":"14","author":"Lis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632016651648","article-title":"Sunflower seed allergy","volume":"29","author":"Bartuzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lis, K., Ukleja-Soko\u0142owska, N., Adamczak, R., and Bartuzi, Z. (2022). Experimental Research Models to Assess the Cross-Reactivity between Can f 5 and Human PSA-Two Different Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911223"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"295","article-title":"An IgE inhibition assay for the detection of allergen specific IgE","volume":"46","author":"Sweeney","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0172","article-title":"An alternative inhibition method for determining cross-reactive allergens","volume":"55","author":"Teodorowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-1083","article-title":"IgE cross-reactivity measurement of cashew nut, hazelnut and peanut using a novel IMMULITE inhibition method","volume":"58","author":"Batstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/3\/699\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:48:13Z","timestamp":1760122093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/3\/699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life13030699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13030699","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]}}}