{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:29:56Z","timestamp":1787502596032,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BCB Engineering","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Body temperature is one of the key vital signs for determining a disease\u2019s severity, as it reflects the thermal energy generated by an individual\u2019s metabolism. Since the first study on the relationship between body temperature and diseases by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich at the end of the 19th century, various forms of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Traditionally, methods for measuring temperature can be invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive. In recent years, great technological advances have reduced the cost of thermographic cameras, which allowed extending their use. Thermal cameras capture the infrared radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum and process the images to represent the temperature of the object under study through a range of colors, where each color and its hue indicate a previously established temperature. Currently, cameras have a sensitivity that allows them to detect changes in temperature as small as 0.01 \u00b0C. Along with its use in other areas of medicine, thermography has been used at the ocular level for more than 50 years. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that the average corneal temperature ranges from 32.9 to 36 \u00b0C. One of the possible sources of variability in normal values is age, and other possible sources of variation are gender and external temperature. In addition to the evaluation of healthy subjects, thermography has been used to evaluate its usefulness in various eye diseases, such as Graves\u2019 orbitopathy, and tear duct obstruction for orbital diseases. The ocular surface is the most studied area. Ocular surface temperature is influenced by multiple conditions, one of the most studied being dry eye; other diseases studied include allergic conjunctivitis and pterygium as well as systemic diseases such as carotid artery stenosis. Among the corneal diseases studied are keratoconus, infectious keratitis, corneal graft rejection, the use of scleral or soft contact lenses, and the response to refractive or cataract surgery. Other diseases where thermographic features have been reported are glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusions, intraocular tumors as well as scleritis, and other inflammatory eye diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T03:29:05Z","timestamp":1678246145000},"page":"723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5732-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Gulias-Ca\u00f1izo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac M\u00e9xico, Naucalpan de Ju\u00e1rez 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5312-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisa","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Malag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Gaza Garc\u00eda 66238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loubette","family":"Botello-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Gaza Garc\u00eda 66238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Belden-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Gaza Garc\u00eda 66238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Amparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Gaza Garc\u00eda 66238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9515-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Garza-Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Gaza Garc\u00eda 66238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-019-00102-2","article-title":"Thermometry and interpretation of body temperature","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. 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