{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:57:59Z","timestamp":1760147879608,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Nantong City","award":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation international cooperation","award":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K062","2019M660127","2019Z146","MS22018008","MS12017003-2","81570184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a highly prevalent indolent lymphoma, and the risk of histological transformation is approximately 2\u20133% per year. Transformation of FL generally occurs in the same lineage (B cell lineage). Another rare form of disease progression is the transformation of neoplastic B-cells to another cell lineage such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The low incidence of B-myeloid transformation associated with poor prognosis hinders the establishment of model systems to identify molecular mechanisms. A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed with FL and achieved a satisfactory response after six cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). Approximately one month after treatment terminated, the disease progressed to AML with an increased white blood cell count and abnormal coagulation. Interestingly, nucleotide sequence analysis of the genomic region encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable domain showed the possibility of homologous transformation from lymphoma to leukemia cells. Although the patient experienced transient improvement after undergoing treatment with one cycle of idarubicin and cytarabine combined with etoposide, she relapsed and died 8 days after venetoclax salvage therapy. Patient with B-myeloid transformation was associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. Conventional strategies for treating histologically transformed AML were ineffective. However, treatment with a Bcl-2 inhibitor could serve as an option. Here we review the literature relevant to this rare histological transformation of FL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:33:16Z","timestamp":1678329196000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Rare B-Myeloid Conversion of Follicular Lymphoma into Clonally Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiyue","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Nantong Health College of Jiangsu Province, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICU, Nanjing Pukou District Central Hospital, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weicheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0132-x","article-title":"Follicular lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Carbone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3182098799","article-title":"Sequential development of histiocytic sarcoma and diffuse large b-cell lymphoma in a patient with a remote history of follicular lymphoma with genotypic evidence of a clonal relationship: A divergent (bilineal) neoplastic transformation of an indolent B-cell lymphoma in a single individual","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmw011","article-title":"Leukemic Transdifferentiation of Follicular Lymphoma Into an Acute Histiocytic Leukemia in a 52-Year-Old Caucasian Woman","volume":"47","author":"Steussy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., and Hui, A.M. (2022). Role of Biomarkers in FLT3 AML. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051164"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.04.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute myeloid leukemia: Recent progress and enduring challenges","volume":"36","author":"Shallis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01062-w","article-title":"Emerging agents and regimens for AML","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001438","article-title":"Coactivation of NF-kappaB and Notch signaling is sufficient to induce B-cell transformation and enables B-myeloid conversion","volume":"135","author":"Xiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.03.004","article-title":"Up-regulation of INSR\/IGF1R by C-myc promotes TSCC tumorigenesis and metastasis through the NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"1864 Pt A","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01460","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01460","article-title":"miR-146a promotes the initiation and progression of melanoma by activating Notch signaling","volume":"3","author":"Forloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00419-2","article-title":"Stepwise reprogramming of B cells into macrophages","volume":"117","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12885","article-title":"C\/EBPalpha poises B cells for rapid reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"506","author":"Sardina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-08-822148","article-title":"How I treat early-relapsing follicular lymphoma","volume":"133","author":"Casulo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0116","article-title":"Selective Inhibition of HDAC3 Targets Synthetic Vulnerabilities and Activates Immune Surveillance in Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Mondello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03637-7","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;16)(p11.2;p13.3)\/KAT6A-CREBBP in adults","volume":"98","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-880526","article-title":"Venetoclax plus R- or G-CHOP in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Results from the CAVALLI phase 1b trial","volume":"133","author":"Zelenetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01600","article-title":"Venetoclax Combined with Low-Dose Cytarabine for Previously Untreated Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Results from a Phase Ib\/II Study","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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Haematol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/3\/729\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:50:56Z","timestamp":1760122256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/3\/729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life13030729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13030729","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]}}}