{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:05:06Z","timestamp":1791950706055,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition of Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland, Grant for young researchers","award":["506.771.03.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["506.771.03.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem, causing not only an increased mortality rate of bacterial infections but also economic losses due to, among other reasons, the need for longer hospital stays. Listeria monocytogenes is one of the foodborne pathogens with the ability to induce a serious illness called listeriosis, with approximately 20\u201330% fatal outcomes. The treatment regimen of listeriosis in humans includes the administration of antibiotics (in most cases, ampicillin or trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole in case of allergies to \u03b2-lactams), so the resistance of this pathogen to antibiotics can potentially lead to increased mortality. The antibiotic sensitivity status of n = 153 L. monocytogenes isolates originating from meat food samples (raw and processed) and meat-processing environment (both contacting and non-contacting with food) collected between October 2020 and November 2021 in Poland was examined in this study. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller\u2013Hinton agar plates. All collected samples were susceptible to 9 antibiotics: ampicillin (10 \u00b5g), chloramphenicol (30 \u00b5g), erythromycin (15 \u00b5g), gentamicin (10 \u00b5g), penicillin (10 IU), streptomycin (10 \u00b5g), sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (1.25\/23.75 \u00b5g), tetracycline (30 \u00b5g) and vancomycin (30 \u00b5g). Some of the isolates (n = 10; 6.5%) showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (5 \u00b5g), which was classified as an intermediate response. All these ten isolates were collected from surfaces contacting with food in food-processing facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T06:48:35Z","timestamp":1679294915000},"page":"821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Meat Products and Processing Environment in Poland Are Sensitive to Commonly Used Antibiotics, with Rare Cases of Reduced Sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Kawacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadeta","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8417-2245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Olejnik-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laxminarayan, R., and Chaudhury, R.R. (2016). Antibiotic Resistance in India: Drivers and Opportunities for Action. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001974"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2016). The PLOS Medicine Editors Antimicrobial Resistance: Is the World UNprepared?. PLoS Med., 13."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. (2016). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2023, January 02). Google Scholar Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=pl&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2016&as_yhi=2016&q=Tackling+drug-resistant+infections+globally%3A+final+report+and+recommendations&btnG=."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Kraker, M.E.A., Stewardson, A.J., and Harbarth, S. (2016). Will 10 Million People Die a Year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050?. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002184"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, March 11). CDC Actions to Fight Antibiotic Resistance, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/actions-to-fight.html."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2693","article-title":"Tackling antibiotic resistance","volume":"9","author":"Bush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00172.x","article-title":"How to fight antimicrobial resistance","volume":"49","author":"Foucault","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302870","article-title":"Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers","volume":"105","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spellberg, B., Hansen, G.R., Kar, A., Cordova, C.D., Price, L.B., and Johnson, J.R. (2016). Antibiotic Resistance in Humans and Animals. NAM Perspect.","DOI":"10.31478\/201606d"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, J., Hennessey, M., Arnold, J.-C., McCubbin, K.D., Lembo, T., Mateus, A., Kitutu, F.E., Samanta, I., Hutchinson, E., and Davis, A. (2022). Crossover-Use of Human Antibiotics in Livestock in Agricultural Communities: A Qualitative Cross-Country Comparison between Uganda, Tanzania and India. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101342"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2018.02.006","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in Foods","volume":"Volume 86","author":"Jordan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rogalla, D., and Bomar, P.A. (2020). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2017.3.529","article-title":"Foodborne pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Bintsis","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.009","article-title":"Human listeriosis and animal models","volume":"9","author":"Lecuit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.507909","article-title":"A Review of the Ecology, Genomics, and Stress Response of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"52","author":"Milillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.06.047","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes prevalence and serotype diversity in various foods","volume":"30","author":"Kramarenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12092","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in Aquatic Food Products\u2014A Review","volume":"13","author":"Jami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Q., Gooneratne, S.R., and Hussain, M.A. (2017). Listeria monocytogenes in Fresh Produce: Outbreaks, Prevalence and Contamination Levels. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6030021"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30521-7","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: The MONALISA national prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Charlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, February 09). Centres for Disease Prevention and Control Listeria Outbreaks | Listeria | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, February 09). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Listeriosis | ECDC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/listeriosis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022). The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 20, e07666.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, January 03). CDC Diagnosis and Treatment | Listeria | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/diagnosis.html."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, January 03). CDC Information for Health Professionals and Laboratories | Listeria | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/technical.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19315","article-title":"Treatment of Listeriosis","volume":"34","author":"Temple","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, September 12). NORD Listeriosis. Available online: https:\/\/rarediseases.org\/rare-diseases\/listeriosis\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, January 03). ACOG Management of Pregnant Women with Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. Available online: https:\/\/www.acog.org\/en\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/committee-opinion\/articles\/2014\/12\/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03616.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of invasive non-perinatal human listeriosis and the impact of the underlying disease on prognosis","volume":"18","author":"Guerrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Constable, P.D. (2022, September 12). Listeriosis in Animals\u2014Generalized Conditions\u2014MSD Veterinary Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/generalized-conditions\/listeriosis\/listeriosis-in-animals."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3067494","article-title":"Prevalence, Genetic Heterogeneity, and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes at Farm Level: A Highlight of ERIC- and BOX-PCR to Reveal Genetic Diversity","volume":"2018","author":"Bilung","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796040","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.796040","article-title":"Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Chile","volume":"12","author":"Bustamante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2021004","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes isolates from Western Cape, South Africa exhibit resistance to multiple antibiotics and contradicts certain global resistance patterns","volume":"7","author":"Keet","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"537","article-title":"Prevalence, genotyping and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in fresh beef and chicken meats marketed in Zanjan, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Farhoumand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowron, K., Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska, E., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Skowron, K.J., Grudlewska-Buda, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Bernaciak, Z., Borkowski, M., and Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. (2020). Assessment of the Prevalence and Drug Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Various Types of Meat. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091293"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capita, R., Felices-Mercado, A., Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., and Alonso-Calleja, C. (2019). Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Originating from the Spanish Meat-Processing Chain. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8110542"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2018002","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibiotics Resistant Listeria monocytogenes Strains in Nigerian Ready-to-eat Foods","volume":"6","author":"Ebakota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi\u015bniewski, P., Zakrzewski, A.J., Zadernowska, A., and Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska, W. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Food and Food Processing Environments. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101099"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108912","article-title":"Distribution, virulence, genotypic characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated over one-year monitoring from two pig slaughterhouses and processing plants and their fresh hams","volume":"336","author":"Rugna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101447","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in imported beef cattle in Jordan","volume":"70","author":"Obaidat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [30th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2015). M45 Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Bowker, K., \u00c5hman, J., Nat\u00e5s, O., Nissan, I., Littauer, P., and Matuschek, E. (2023, February 06). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Listeria monocytogenes with EUCAST Breakpoints: A Multi-Laboratory Study. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi68fq_x-D9AhUO6CoKHeqwAC4QFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbt.nhs.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAntimicrobial%2520susceptibility%2520testing%2520of%2520Listeria%2520monocytogenes.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1ri-dIlz87czjbb1ofs60Z."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, February 06). EUCAST EUCAST: Clinical Breakpoints and Dosing of Antibiotics. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/clinical_breakpoints\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6386","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6386-6392.2003","article-title":"Rapid Identification of Listeria Species by Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of PCR-Amplified 23S rRNA Gene Fragments","volume":"69","author":"Paillard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634255","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.634255","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for the Identification of Pathogenic Listeria in Flammulina velutipes Plant Based on Novel Specific Targets Revealed by Pan-Genome Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"34","article-title":"Genoserotyping of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Originating from Meat Products and Meat Processing Environments","volume":"2","author":"Kawacka","year":"2022","journal-title":"\u017bNTJ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00503-1","article-title":"Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from cold-smoked salmon produced in different smokehouses as assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analyses","volume":"65","author":"Vogel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.1.103-109.1999","article-title":"Typing of Listeria monocytogenes Strains by Repetitive Element Sequence-Based PCR","volume":"37","author":"Gilot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.04.013","article-title":"GelClust: A software tool for gel electrophoresis images analysis and dendrogram generation","volume":"111","author":"Khakabimamaghani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3819-3822.2004","article-title":"Differentiation of the Major Listeria monocytogenes Serovars by Multiplex PCR","volume":"42","author":"Doumith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00383-x","article-title":"The accuracy of four commercial broth microdilution tests in the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin","volume":"19","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/3\/821\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:45Z","timestamp":1760122665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/3\/821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life13030821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13030821","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}