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In this study, we used hindlimb unloading (HU) in 10 conscious mice. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), temperature, and locomotor activity were continuously monitored with radio-telemetry, during 3 days of control, 5 days of HU, and 2 days of recovery. Six additional mice were used to assess core temperature. ANS activity was indirectly determined by analyzing both heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Our study showed that HU induced an initial bradycardia, accompanied by an increase in vagal activity markers of HRV and BRS, together with a decrease in water intake, indicating the early adaptation to fluid redistribution. During HU, BRS was reduced; temperature and BP circadian rhythms were altered, showing a loss in day\/night differences, a decrease in cycle amplitude, a drop in core body temperature, and an increase in day BP suggestive of a rise in sympathetic activity. Reloading induced resting tachycardia and a decrease in BP, vagal activity, and BRS. In addition to cardiovascular deconditioning, HU induces disruption in day\/night rhythmicity of locomotor activity, temperature, and BP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1679374081000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Autonomic Nervous System Adaptation and Circadian Rhythm Disturbances of the Cardiovascular System in a Ground-Based Murine Model of Spaceflight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oph\u00e9lie","family":"H\u00e9lissen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, UMR1297, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9666-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Kermorgant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, UMR1297, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Neurology Department, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"D\u00e9jean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UT3, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Mercadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UT3, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Le Gonidec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREFRE-Anexplo, Services Ph\u00e9notypage et Microchirurgie, UMS006, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UT3, ENVT, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Zahreddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREFRE-Anexplo, Services Ph\u00e9notypage et Microchirurgie, UMS006, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UT3, ENVT, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Calise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREFRE-Anexplo, Services Ph\u00e9notypage et Microchirurgie, UMS006, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UT3, ENVT, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, UMR1297, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Gal\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, UMR1297, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina N.","family":"Arvanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, UMR1297, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Pavy-Le Traon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, UMR1297, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Neurology Department, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-00124-6","article-title":"Red Risks for a Journey to the Red Planet: The Highest Priority Human Health Risks for a Mission to Mars","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.050","article-title":"Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration","volume":"183","author":"Afshinnekoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ly, V., Velichala, S.R., and Hargens, A.R. 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