{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:40:49Z","timestamp":1785552049739,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M621839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20150462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20150462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31501974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31501974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2017M621839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621839"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20150462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20150462"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["31501974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31501974"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017M621839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621839"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20150462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20150462"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31501974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31501974"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effects of different feeding strategies on meat quality and intestinal development in pigeon squabs were investigated. 120 pairs of pigeons with two squabs each were assigned to five groups (four free-choice feeding systems and one complete feeding system): T1 (corn, pea, wheat, and pelleted feed), T2 (corn, wheat, and pelleted feed), T3 (corn, pea, and pelleted feed), T4 (corn and pelleted feed), and T5 (complete pelleted feed). Compared with T5, the diet in T4 made the breast meat redder and more yellow (p &lt; 0.05). T2 and T4 resulted in an enhanced total superoxide dismutase activity of meat. Breast muscle in T1 and T2 was determined to have higher contents of nonessential amino acids, glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid (p &lt; 0.05). The contents of the essential amino acids, lysine, threonine, valine, histidine, and arginine were also higher in T1 (p &lt; 0.05). Villus height, surface area, and alkaline phosphatase activity of the duodenum and jejunum in T2 were the highest among the treatments (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, free-choice feeding system can improve the meat quality and intestinal development of pigeon squabs, but which combination method of whole grains to use in the production depends on the feeding purpose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T06:56:48Z","timestamp":1679381808000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Free-Choice Feeding of Whole Grains Improves Meat Quality and Intestinal Development of Pigeon Squabs Compared with Complete Pelleted Feed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tingwu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuxiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enjie","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2012-00687","article-title":"Free-choice feeding of free-range meat chickens","volume":"22","author":"Fanatico","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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