{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:00:26Z","timestamp":1760148026733,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Veteran\u2019s Administration","award":["101 BX001396","1K6 BX005381","R01 AR048139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101 BX001396","1K6 BX005381","R01 AR048139"]}]},{"name":"Veteran\u2019s Administration","award":["101 BX001396","1K6 BX005381","R01 AR048139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101 BX001396","1K6 BX005381","R01 AR048139"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["101 BX001396","1K6 BX005381","R01 AR048139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101 BX001396","1K6 BX005381","R01 AR048139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The anabolic effects of WNT16 on osteoblasts are well established, however, little is known regarding the role of WNT16 in chondrocytes. In this study, we evaluated Wnt16 expression and its biological effects on mouse articular chondrocytes (ACs), since these cells are key to the development of osteoarthritis. While ACs derived from the long bone epiphysis of 7-day old C57BL\/6J mice express multiple Wnts, Wnt5b and Wnt16 represent the two most highly expressed Wnts (expressed at several-fold higher levels than other Wnts). Treatment of serum-free AC cultures, with 100 ng\/mL of recombinant human (rh) WNT16 for 24 h (hrs), increased proliferation (20%, p &lt; 0.05) and expression levels of makers (Sox9 and Col2) of immature chondrocytes at both 24 h and 72 h, while Acan increased at 72 h. Expression of Mmp9, a marker of mature chondrocytes was decreased at 24 h. Additionally, WNT16 treatment regulated expression levels of Wnt ligands in a biphasic manner, inhibiting its expression at 24 h, while stimulating expression at 72 h. To determine whether WNT16 exerted anabolic effects on the AC phenotype, ex vivo cultures of tibial epiphyses were treated with rhWNT16 or vehicle for 9 days, and the articular cartilage phenotype was evaluated by safranin O cartilage staining and expression of articular cartilage marker genes. Both articular cartilage area and expression levels of AC markers were increased after rhWNT16 treatment. Our data suggest that Wnt16 expressed in ACs may play a role in regulating joint cartilage homeostasis via its direct effect, as well as through modulating the expression of other Wnt ligands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1679891481000},"page":"878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WNT16 Regulation of the Articular Chondrocyte Phenotype in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-986X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subburaman","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"},{"name":"Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelia","family":"Pourteymoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekhar","family":"Kesavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90880-G","article-title":"Autotransfusion during cesarean section","volume":"162","author":"Zichella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. 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