{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:33:48Z","timestamp":1778182428558,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are more prevalent in inflammatory arthritis (IA) compared to the general population. Recognizing the importance of addressing this issue, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) published guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk management in IA in 2016, with plans to update going forward based on the latest emerging evidence. Herein we review the latest evidence on cardiovascular disease in IA, taking a focus on rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and axial spondylarthritis, reflecting on the scale of the problem and imaging modalities to identify disease. Evidence demonstrates that both traditional CVD factors and inflammation contribute to the higher CVD burden. Whereas CVD has decreased with the newer anti-rheumatic treatments currently available, CVD continues to remain an important comorbidity in IA patients calling for prompt screening and management of CVD and related risk factors. Non-invasive cardiovascular imaging has been attracting much attention in view of the possibility of detecting cardiovascular lesions in IA accurately and promptly, even at the pre-clinical stage. We reflect on imaging modalities to screen for CVD in IA and on the important role of rheumatologists and cardiologists working closely together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiac Imaging in Inflammatory Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia-Vasiliki","family":"Madenidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1089-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Clinic, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, 176 74 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Nikiphorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"Rheumatology Department, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22296","article-title":"Mortality trends in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis over 20 years: Results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register","volume":"66","author":"Humphreys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151191","article-title":"Increased mortality in ankylosing spondylitis is related to disease activity","volume":"70","author":"Bakland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. 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