{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:46:28Z","timestamp":1788291988082,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major causes of blindness today, despite important achievements in diagnosis and therapy. The involvement of a gut\u2013retina axis is thought to be a possible risk factor for several chronic eye disease, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, and, recently, diabetic retinopathy. Dysbiosis may cause endothelial disfunction and alter retinal metabolism. This review analyzes the evidence regarding changes in gut microbiota in patients with DR compared with diabetics and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the following terms: \u201cgut microbiota\u201d OR \u201cgut microbiome\u201d AND \u201cdiabetic retinopathy\u201d. Ultimately, 9 articles published between 2020 and 2022 presenting comparative data on a total of 228 T2DM patients with DR, 220 patients with T2DM, and 118 HCs were analyzed. All of the studies found a distinctive microbial beta diversity in DR vs. T2DM and HC, characterized by an altered Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in butyrate producers, and an increase in LPS-expressing and pro-inflammatory species in the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. The probiotic species Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were decreased when compared with T2DM. Gut microbiota influence retinal health in multiple ways and may represent a future therapeutic target in DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T05:57:50Z","timestamp":1681106270000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy\u2014Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1380-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragos","family":"Serban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7474-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Dascalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Arsene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Tribus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ilfov Emergency Clinic Hospital, 022113 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-909X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geta","family":"Vancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d Infectious and Tropical Disease Hospital, 030303 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0555-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Pantea Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Costea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"General Surgery Department, Emergency County Hospital Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihail","family":"Tudosie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Stana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Cristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Nicolae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Tudor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Costea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Diaverum Clinic Constanta, 900612 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meda","family":"Comandasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Faur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University \u201cLucian Blaga\u201d, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emergency County Hospital Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Tanasescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University \u201cLucian Blaga\u201d, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emergency County Hospital Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, 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