{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:59:52Z","timestamp":1783799992187,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia","award":["21-13-18-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-13-18-050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chest computed tomography (CT) plays a vital role in the early diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of COVID-19 pneumonia during the pandemic. However, this raises concerns about excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. This study aimed to survey radiation doses in low-dose chest CT (LDCT) and ultra-low-dose chest CT (ULD) protocols used for imaging COVID-19 pneumonia relative to standard CT (STD) protocols so that the best possible practice and dose reduction techniques could be recommended. A total of 564 articles were identified by searching major scientific databases, including ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. After evaluating the content and applying the inclusion criteria to technical factors and radiation dose metrics relevant to the LDCT protocols used for imaging COVID-19 patients, data from ten articles were extracted and analyzed. Technique factors that affect the application of LDCT and ULD are discussed, including tube current (mA), peak tube voltage (kVp), pitch factor, and iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms. The CTDIvol values for the STD, LDCT, and ULD chest CT protocols ranged from 2.79\u201313.2 mGy, 0.90\u20134.40 mGy, and 0.20\u20130.28 mGy, respectively. The effective dose (ED) values for STD, LDCT, and ULD chest CT protocols ranged from 1.66\u20136.60 mSv, 0.50\u20130.80 mGy, and 0.39\u20130.64 mSv, respectively. Compared with the standard (STD), LDCT reduced the dose reduction by a factor of 2\u20134, whereas ULD reduced the dose reduction by a factor of 8\u201313. These dose reductions were achieved by applying scan parameters and techniques such as iterative reconstructions, ultra-long pitches, and fast spectral shaping with a tin filter. Using LDCT, the cumulative radiation dose of serial CT examinations during the acute period of COVID-19 may have been inferior or equivalent to that of conventional CT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T03:49:17Z","timestamp":1681271357000},"page":"992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Low-Dose Chest CT Protocols for Imaging COVID-19 Pneumonia: Technique Parameters and Radiation Dose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim I.","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada A.","family":"Khouqeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abuzaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0830-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelmoneim","family":"Sulieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E41","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200343","article-title":"Chest CT for typical coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: Relationship to negative RT\u2013PCR testing","volume":"296","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Progression (2020, June 02). Corona virus 2019 Disease (Coronavirus19), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25689","article-title":"Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, October 15). WHO Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200463","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200463","article-title":"Chest CT Findings in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to Duration of Infection","volume":"295","author":"Bernheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200370","article-title":"Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"295","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E113","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200527","article-title":"Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: An update-radiology scientifc expert panel","volume":"296","author":"Kanne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642","article-title":"Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases","volume":"296","author":"AiAi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E115","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200432","article-title":"Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCR","volume":"296","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"201160","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of chest radiographic findings in COVID-19 positive patients","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Li, R., Liu, G., Zhang, X., and Li, H. (2020). Chest CT and RT\u2013PCR: Radiologists\u2019 Experience in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 in China. Letter to the Editor. Eur. Radiol., Available online: https:\/\/www.europeanradiology.org\/opinions\/chest-ct-and-rt-pcr-radiologistsexperience-in-the-diagnosis-of-covid-19-in-China\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200034","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200034","article-title":"Imaging profile of the COVID19 infection: Radiologic findings and literature review","volume":"2","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200490","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China","volume":"296","author":"ZuZu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.108961","article-title":"Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?","volume":"126","author":"WLong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200047","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200047","article-title":"Chest CT Severity Score: An Imaging Tool for Assessing Severe COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E55","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200843","article-title":"Temporal Changes of CT Findings in 90 Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"296","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.23078","article-title":"Timely diagnosis and treatment shortens the time to resolution of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia and lowers the highest and last CT scores from sequential chest CT","volume":"215","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, December 07). Use of Chest Imaging in COVID-19: A Rapid Advice Guide, 11 June 2020. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332336."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, December 07). ACR Recommendations for the Use of Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography (CT) for Suspected COVID-19 Infection. Available online: https:\/\/www.acr.org\/Advocacy-and-Economics\/ACR-Position-Statements\/Recommendations-forChest-Radiography-and-CT-for-Suspected-COVID19-Infection."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"The Royal College of Radiologists (2020, December 07). The Role of CT in Patients Suspected with COVID-19 Infection. Available online: https:\/\/www.rcr.ac.uk\/college\/coronavirus-covid-19-what-rcr-doing\/clinical-information\/role-ct-chest\/role-ct-patients."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/20\/4\/301","article-title":"CT scanning: Patterns of use and dose","volume":"20","author":"Mettler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000). UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly: Annex D\u2014Medical Radiation Exposures, United Nations. United Nations Publication E.00.1X.3:395."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-020-01784-3","article-title":"Low-dose CT in COVID-19 outbreak: Radiation safety, image wisely, and image gently pledge","volume":"27","author":"Tofighi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2007). Radiological Protection in Medicine, ICRP. ICRP Publication 105 Ann."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu321","article-title":"Radiation exposure during pediatric CT in Sudan: CT dose, organ and effective doses","volume":"167","author":"Suliman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2015.07.022","article-title":"ACR white paper-based comprehensive dose reduction initiative is associated with a reversal of the upwards trend in radiation dose for chest CT","volume":"12","author":"Rawat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.3.1830809","article-title":"Low-Dose Chest CT: Optimizing Radiation Protection for Patients","volume":"183","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2016.06.009","article-title":"Ultra-low-dose chest CT with iterative reconstruction does not alter anatomical image quality","volume":"97","author":"Macri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2627-7","article-title":"Computed tomography of the chest with model-based iterative reconstruction using a radiation exposure similar to chest X-ray examination: Preliminary observations","volume":"23","author":"Neroladaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13629","article-title":"Ultra-Low-Dose CT of the Thorax Using Iterative Reconstruction: Evaluation of Image Quality and Radiation Dose Reduction","volume":"204","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E141","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020203453","article-title":"Variations in CT Utilization, Protocols, and Radiation Doses in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Results from 28 Countries in the IAEA Study","volume":"298","author":"Homayounieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6554","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07034-x","article-title":"Chest CT practice and protocols for COVID-19 from radiation dose management perspective","volume":"30","author":"Kalra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Commission for European Community (CEC) (1999). European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Computed Tomography, CEC. CECreportEUR16262EN."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiation Measurements and Units (2006). Patient Dosimetry for X-rays Used in Medical Imaging, ICRU. ICRU Report No. 74."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency (2007). Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology: An International Code of Practice, IAEA. IAEATRS. No457."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3462","article-title":"Estimating Effective Dose for CT Using Dose\u2013Length Product Compared With Using Organ Doses: Consequences of Adopting International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 103 or Dual-Energy Scanning","volume":"194","author":"Christner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-35937","article-title":"CT-Expoein neuartiges Programm zur Dosisevaluierung in der CT","volume":"174","author":"Stamm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fortschr. Rontgenstr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161911","article-title":"U.S. Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses for 10 Adult CT Examinations","volume":"284","author":"Kanal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-020-01179-x","article-title":"Proposal of a low-dose, long-pitch, dual-source chest CT protocol on third-generation dual-source CT using a tin filter for spectral shaping at 100 kVp for CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: A feasibility study","volume":"125","author":"Agostini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-1176","article-title":"Ultralow-dose chest CT performance for the detection of viral pneumonia patterns during the COVID-19 outbreak period: A monocentric experience","volume":"11","author":"Greffier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06809-6","article-title":"Recommendation of low-dose CT in the detection and management of COVID-2019","volume":"30","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2021.20802","article-title":"The reliability of low-dose chest CT for the initial imaging of COVID-19: Comparison of structured findings, categorical diagnoses and dose levels","volume":"27","author":"Karakas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-020-01838-6","article-title":"A low-dose chest CT protocol for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia: A prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-020-00456-5","article-title":"Application of CareDose 4D combined with Karl 3D technology in the low dose computed tomography for the follow-up of COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26692","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026692","article-title":"Radiation dose levels in chest computed tomography scans of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A survey of 2119 patients in Chongqing, southwest China","volume":"100","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200196","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200196","article-title":"Accuracy and Reproducibility of Low-Dose Submillisievert Chest CT for the Diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Dangis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2020.100283","article-title":"Submillisievert chest CT in patients with COVID-19\u2014experiences of a German Level-I center","volume":"7","author":"Hamper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Open"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aba16a","article-title":"Dose-optimized chest computed tomography for diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2013Evaluation of image quality and diagnostic impact","volume":"40","author":"Steuwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.09.5","article-title":"Radiation dose reduction in computed tomography: Techniques and future perspective","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Imaging Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/93277434","article-title":"National survey of doses from CT in the UK: 2003","volume":"79","author":"Shrimpton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2263020205","article-title":"Multi\u2013Detector Row CT: Radiation Dose Characteristics","volume":"226","author":"Hamberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2013.05.032","article-title":"CT Scan Parameters and Radiation Dose: Practical Advice for Radiologists","volume":"10","author":"Raman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"15","article-title":"Image quality and radiation dose with low tube voltage in coronary CT angiography: An experimental study with normal type and soft plaque phantom","volume":"64","author":"Osanai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hirosaki Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000037","article-title":"Ultralow-dose chest computed tomography for pulmonary nodule detection: First performance evaluation of single energy scanning with spectral shaping","volume":"49","author":"Gordic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.04.018","article-title":"Unenhanced third-generation dual-source chest CT using a tin filter for spectral shaping at 100 kVp","volume":"84","author":"Haubenreisser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.322115065","article-title":"Wasnik Dual-energy CT with single- and dual-source scanners: Current applications in evaluating the genitourinary tract","volume":"32","author":"Kaza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.08.012","article-title":"Advanced modelled iterative reconstruction for abdominal CT: Qualitative and quantitative evaluation","volume":"69","author":"Gordic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2002). Medical Electrical Equipment\u2014Part 2-44: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of X-ray Equipment for Computed Tomography, International Electrotechnical Commission. IE-60601."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-018-0859-6","article-title":"Multi-slice CT examinations of adult patients at Sudanese hospitals: Radiation exposure based on size-specific dose estimates (SSDE)","volume":"123","author":"Bashier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) (2007). The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Pergamon Press. ICRP Publication 103, Ann. ICRP 37."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.12.050","article-title":"Survey of computed tomography technique and radiation dose in Sudanese hospitals","volume":"80","author":"Suliman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncab123","article-title":"National Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses FOR Standard Ct Examinations In Sudan","volume":"196","author":"Suliman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/4\/992\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:14:17Z","timestamp":1760123657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/4\/992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["life13040992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13040992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}}}