{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:18:57Z","timestamp":1785853137467,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione dell\u2019Istituto di Psicopatologia Onlus","award":["01\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pramipexole is a dopamine full agonist approved for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease and restless legs syndrome. Its high affinity for the D3 receptor and neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity provides a rationale for the treatment of depression. In this paper, we review studies on the effectiveness and safety of antidepressant pramipexole augmentation in treatment-resistant depression. Methods: This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies on pramipexole\u2013antidepressant augmentation included patients with resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. The primary outcome measure was the treatment response, measured at the study endpoint. Results: We identified 8 studies including 281 patients overall, 57% women and 39.5% with bipolar disorder and 60.5% with major depressive disorder. The mean follow-up duration was 27.3 weeks (range 8\u201369). The pooled estimate of treatment response was 62.5%, without significant differences between unipolar and bipolar depression. Safety was good, with nausea and somnolence the most frequent side effects. Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review, needing further confirmation, show that off-label use of pramipexole as augmentation of antidepressant treatment could be a useful and safe strategy for unipolar and bipolar treatment-resistant depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13041043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pramipexole Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Depression in the Real World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Tundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia, Via Girolamo da Carpi, 1, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5944-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Betro\u2019","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia, Via Girolamo da Carpi, 1, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9101-072X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"de Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia, Via Girolamo da Carpi, 1, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvia","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia, Via Girolamo da Carpi, 1, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Nacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia, Via Girolamo da Carpi, 1, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Necci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia, Via Girolamo da Carpi, 1, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marica","family":"Iommi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. 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