{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:52:31Z","timestamp":1762300351390,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["E-26\/203.837\/2022","317 358\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/203.837\/2022","317 358\/2021-9"]}]},{"name":"JAR, Research Productivity Scholarships","award":["E-26\/203.837\/2022","317 358\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/203.837\/2022","317 358\/2021-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected illness affecting approximately seven million individuals, with vector transmission occurring via triatomine bugs. The Rhodniini tribe comprises 24 species, grouped into the Rhodnius and Psammolestes genera. Given the importance of accurately identifying CD vectors, the taxonomy of Psammolestes spp. was revisited using morphological and morphometric data. Specimens of P. tertius, P. coreodes, and P. arthuri were collected, and the morphological characteristics of the head, thorax, abdomen, and eggs were analyzed. Morphometric studies of eggs were also conducted. Dichotomous keys allowing for the differentiation of Psammolestes spp. were elaborated based on adult insect and egg morphological characteristics. Through these studies, it was possible to differentiate the three Psammolestes species and confirm that this genus should not be classified under the Rhodnius genus, contributing to Rhodniini taxonomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1682396822000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the Hidden World of Vectors of Chagas Disease: A Fascinating Look at the Taxonomic Aspects of the Psammolestes Genus (Hemiptera, Triatominae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2588-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jader","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Entomologia em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8333-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaio Cesar Chaboli","family":"Alevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Entomologia em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional e Internacional de Refer\u00eancia em Taxonomia de Triatom\u00edneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilh\u00e3o Rocha Lima, sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4605-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro\u2014UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoly","family":"Olaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Ja\u00fa km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo L\u00e1zari","family":"Cacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Ja\u00fa km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleber","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional e Internacional de Refer\u00eancia em Taxonomia de Triatom\u00edneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilh\u00e3o Rocha Lima, sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2404-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heitor Miraglia","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Parasit\u00e1ria, Ci\u00eancias Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agr\u00edcola, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-010, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2032-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Martins","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Parasit\u00e1ria, Ci\u00eancias Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agr\u00edcola, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-010, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Aristeu da","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Ja\u00fa km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, July 27). Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization (2022, July 27). Chagas in the Americas, Available online: https:\/\/www3.paho.org\/hq\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13566:chagas-in-americas&Itemid=40721&lang=en."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761909000200008","article-title":"Nova tripanossom\u00edase humana. Estudos sobre a morfologia e o ciclo evolutivo de Schizotrypanum cruz n. sp., agente etiol\u00f3gico de nova entidade m\u00f3rbida do homem","volume":"1","author":"Chagas","year":"1909","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir956","article-title":"Oral transmission of Chagas disease","volume":"54","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alevi, K.C.C., Oliveira, J., Rocha, D.S., and Galv\u00e3o, C. (2021). Trends in taxonomy of Chagas disease vectors (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): From Linnaean to integrative taxonomy. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121627"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, J.P.S.O., Gil-Santana, H.R., Dale, C., and Galv\u00e3o, C. (2022). Triatoma guazu Lent and Wygodzinsky Is a Junior Synonym of Triatoma williami Galv\u00e3o, Souza and Lima. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13070591"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00e9llez-Rend\u00f3n, J., Esteban, L., Rengifo-Correa, L., D\u00edaz-Albiter, H., Huerta, H., and Dale, C. (2023). Triatoma yelapensis sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Mexico, with a Key of Triatoma Species Recorded in Mexico. Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14040331"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1155\/1911\/724151","article-title":"A new genus of Reduviidae","volume":"18","author":"Bergroth","year":"1911","journal-title":"Psyche"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"85","article-title":"Triatomideos da Venezuela, com a descrip\u00e7\u00e3o de uma nova esp\u00e9cie do g\u00eanero Eutriatoma","volume":"1","author":"Pinto","year":"1926","journal-title":"Ann. Fac. Med. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"12","article-title":"Catalogo descriptivo de los g\u00e9neros Triatoma Lap, Rhodnius Stal y Eratyrus Stal","volume":"5","year":"1930","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"27","article-title":"O g\u00eanero Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911, com um estudo sobre a genitalia das esp\u00e9cies (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)","volume":"25","author":"Lent","year":"1965","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.302.1.1","article-title":"A check-list of the current valid species of the subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their geographical distribution, with nomenclatural and taxonomic notes","volume":"2002","author":"Carvalho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0184-2015","article-title":"Triatominae (Hemiptera, reduviidae) in the pantanal region: Association with Trypanosoma cruzi, different habitats and vertebrate hosts","volume":"48","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.15381\/anales.v67i4.1317","article-title":"Notas breves sobre Psammolestes tertius Bergroth, 1911 (Reduviidae: Hemiptera): Un triatomino silvestre","volume":"67","author":"Cabrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"An. Fac. Med. Lima"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.15560\/14.6.1109","article-title":"First report of Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"123","article-title":"Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas\u2019s disease","volume":"163","author":"Lent","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5","article-title":"Sobre as especies do genero Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911 (Hemiptera, Triatomidae)","volume":"7","author":"Pinto","year":"1935","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5","article-title":"Anotaciones acerca del Psammolestes arthuri (Pinto, 1926) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Triatomidae) reduvideo hematofago encontrado en nidos de \u201ccucarachero de monte (probablemente, Dendrocolaptidae) en un sector de los valles de Yaracuy\u201d","volume":"45","author":"Pifano","year":"1938","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Caracas"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"11","article-title":"Fauna Triatominae do estado da Bahia\u2014Brasil III\u2014Notas sobre ec\u00f3topos silvestres e o g\u00eanero Psammolestes","volume":"1","author":"Sherlock","year":"1973","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"324","article-title":"Psammolestes arthuri naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi found in sympatry with Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma maculata on bird nests in Anzo\u00e1tegui state, Venezuela","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saber"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr.15028004","article-title":"New record and cytogenetic analysis of Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) from Bahia state, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva, V.F., Rosa, J.A., Ceretti Junior, W., Marrelli, M.T., and Oliveira, J. (2021). Confirmation of the first report of Psammolestes tertius Lent and Jurberg, 1965 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in Paran\u00e1 State, Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 54.","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0485-2020"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, J., Rosa, J.A., Fontes, F.M., Andrade, D.C., Madi, R.R., and Melo, C.M. (2021). Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): First report in Sergipe State, Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 54.","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0708-2020"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0109","article-title":"New evidence of the monophyletic relationship of the genus Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)","volume":"99","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-022-01987-x","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of the genus Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)","volume":"22","author":"Alvarado","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12552","article-title":"High chromosomal mobility of rDNA clusters in holocentric chromosomes of Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease (Hemiptera-Reduviidae)","volume":"36","author":"Pita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"12","article-title":"Taxonomy, Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhodniini Tribe (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"2","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"347","article-title":"Aspects of the epidemiology of Chagas disease in Venezuela and Argentina. American Trypanosomiasis Research","volume":"318","author":"Carcavallo","year":"1976","journal-title":"PAHO Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.11.002","article-title":"The evolutionary origin of diversity in Chagas disease vectors","volume":"33","author":"Justi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(02)00023-4","article-title":"Phylogeny and biogeography of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae): Molecular evidence of a New World origin of the asiatic clade","volume":"23","author":"Hypsa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750317","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.750317","article-title":"Phylogenomics for Chagas Disease Vectors of the Rhodnius Genus (Hemiptera, Triatominae): What We Learn from Mito-Nuclear Conflicts and Recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Merle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravazi, A., Oliveira, J.d., Madeira, F.F., Reis, Y.V.d., Oliveira, A.B.B.d., Galv\u00e3o, C., Azeredo-Oliveira, M.T.V.d., Rosa, J.A.d., and Alevi, K.C.C. (2022). Trends in Taxonomy of the Rhodniini Tribe (Hemiptera, Triatominae): Reproductive Incompatibility between Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 and Psammolestes spp. Confirms the Generic Status of Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911. Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14090761"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000300007","article-title":"Characterization of the external female genitalia of six species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidade) by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"105","author":"Rosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"331","article-title":"From four- to three-segmented labium in Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)","volume":"48","author":"Weirauch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Musei Natl. Pragae"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0075","article-title":"Identification Key for the Chagas Disease Vectors of Five Brazilian States, Based on Cytogenetic Data","volume":"100","author":"Borsatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0683","article-title":"CytoKey: Identification Key for the Chagas Disease Vectors of the Largest Brazilian Urban Center (Sao Paulo State), Based on Cytogenetic Data","volume":"101","author":"Borsatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1454","article-title":"Chagas disease vectors of Paraguay: Entomoepidemiological aspects of Triatoma sordida (Stal, 1859) and development of an identification key for Paraguayan triatomines based on cytogenetics data","volume":"105","author":"Alevi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0492","article-title":"Chagas Disease Vectors of Espirito Santo, Brazil: First Report of Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, Triatominae) in the Brazilian State and Development of an Identification Key Based on Cytogenetic Data","volume":"104","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"244","article-title":"Clave grafica de Reduviidae (Hemiptera) hematofagos de Venezuela","volume":"16","author":"Carcavallo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bol. Dir. Malarioligia Saneam. Ambient."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101981000500006","article-title":"Aspectos morfologicos de ovos de Triatominae II\u2014Caracteristicas macroscopicas e exocoriais de dez especies do genero Rhodnius Stal, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"15","author":"Barata","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade Publ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000700013","article-title":"Comparative descriptions of eggs from three species of Rhodnius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)","volume":"104","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"231","article-title":"Notas sobre la biolog\u00eda, ecolog\u00eda y distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica del Psammolestes arthuri (Pinto) 192(Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Descripci\u00f3n de los est\u00e1dios preimagales","volume":"15","author":"Carcavallo","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bol. Dir. Malarioligia Saneam. Ambient."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"409","article-title":"Macroscopic and exochorial structures of Triatominae eggs. Estruturas macrosc\u00f3picas e exocoriais de ovos de Triatominae","volume":"Volume II","author":"Carcavallo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atlas of Chagas\u2019 Disease Vectors in the Am\u00e9ricas"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04854-8","article-title":"Trends in evolution of the Rhodniini tribe (Hemiptera, Triatominae): Experimental crosses between Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 and P. coreodes Bergroth, 1911 and analysis of the reproductive isolating mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Ravazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/5\/1081\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:23:00Z","timestamp":1760124180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/5\/1081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["life13051081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13051081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}