{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:06:15Z","timestamp":1791288375795,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Europe presents a high number of venomous and poisonous animals able to elicit medically relevant symptoms in humans. However, since most of the accidents involving venomous or poisonous animals in Europe are unreported, their incidence and morbidity are severely overlooked. Here we provide an overview of the European vertebrate species of greatest toxicological interest, the clinical manifestations their toxins can cause, and their treatment. We report the clinical symptoms induced by envenomations and poisoning caused by reptiles, fishes, amphibians and mammals in Europe, ranging from mild, local symptoms (e.g., erythema, edema) to systemic and potentially deadly. The present work constitutes a tool for physicians to recognize envenomation\/poisoning symptoms caused by the most medically relevant European vertebrates and to decide which approach is the most appropriate to treat them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T03:20:06Z","timestamp":1684812006000},"page":"1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Venomous Bites, Stings and Poisoning by European Vertebrates as an Overlooked and Emerging Medical Problem: Recognition, Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Paolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Dermatology, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7199-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Riccardo","family":"Di Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Herpetol\u00f3gica Espa\u00f1ola, Apartado de Correos 191, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignazio","family":"Avella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santo Raffaele","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, March 16). Animal Bites. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/animal-bites."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E000250","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2018-000250","article-title":"Mortality, Hospital Admission, and Healthcare Cost Due to injury from Venomous and Non-Venomous Animal Encounters in The USA: 5-Year Analysis of The National Emergency Department Sample","volume":"3","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma Surg. 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