{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:15:47Z","timestamp":1785352547268,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The components and the salivary flow have a direct influence on the composition of the oral microbiota of children and young people with oropharyngeal dysphagia, and studies have already demonstrated the excessive accumulation of supragingival dental calculus in individuals with enteral nutrition. This study aimed to compare the oral hygiene, biochemical, and microbiological aspects of the oral cavity of children and young people with neurological impairment and oropharyngeal dysphagia. Forty children and young people with neurological impairment and oropharyngeal dysphagia were enrolled and divided into two groups: group I, encompassing 20 participants fed via gastrostomy; and group II, encompassing 20 participants fed via the oral route. Oral hygiene and salivary pH and flow were assessed, and a polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the messenger RNA expressions of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. In groups I and II, the mean Oral Hygiene Index\u2014Simplified scores were 4 and 2, respectively, showing a significant difference; the mean Calculus Index scores were 2 and 0, respectively, showing a significant difference; and the mean pH was 7.5 and 6.0, respectively, showing a significant difference. Bacterial analysis indicated no association between the two groups. It can be concluded that children and young people who use gastrostomy had a poorer oral hygiene, greater dental calculus deposition, and higher salivary pH. The saliva of patients in both groups contained Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:34:32Z","timestamp":1686188072000},"page":"1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biochemical and Microbiological Aspects of the Oral Cavity of Children and Young People with Neurological Impairment and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Janaina Costa Marangon","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Bazzo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel de Bortoli","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Fernando","family":"Fregatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Nursing School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, 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Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Eduarda Baptistella Mesquita","family":"Serva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia Picchi","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Gon\u00e7alves","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dysphagia Research Rehabilitation Center, Graduate of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia 17525-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Federighi Baisi","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Agostinho Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child\u2019s Love Project, Projeto Amor de Crian\u00e7a, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Cristina","family":"Cola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, 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