{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:27:36Z","timestamp":1789637256547,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the few studies available, this study aimed to investigate the 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with COMISA (co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnea) in hypertensive subjects. Clinical data of 1009 hypertensive subjects extracted from the Sleep Laboratory database were analyzed. Framingham Risk Score \u2265 10% was used as a cut-off to identify hypertensive subjects with high 10-year risk for CVD. The association between 10-year risk for CVD and COMISA was investigated using logistic regression analyses. 65.3% of hypertensive subjects from our sample presented a high 10-year risk for CVD. After controlling for major confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that unlike its components present separately, COMISA was significantly associated with high 10-year risk for CVD in hypertensive subjects (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.01\u20133.51). In this study, we have demonstrated that the negative synergy between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and insomnia disorder seems to play a central role in the 10-year risk for CVD in hypertensive subjects, which seems to indicate that the establishment of a systematic research and an adapted treatment of COMISA could open new perspectives to promote a better cardiovascular outcome in this specific subgroup of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T01:32:15Z","timestamp":1686706335000},"page":"1379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["10-Year Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Associated with COMISA (Co-Morbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea) in Hypertensive Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Draelants","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Service de Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Point","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Service de Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wacquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Service de Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pol","family":"Lanquart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Service de Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenol\u00e9","family":"Loas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Service de Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Service de Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14411","article-title":"The association between type 2 diabetes and anhedonic subtype of major depression in hypertensive individuals","volume":"24","author":"Willame","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-021-00359-0","article-title":"The association between type 2 diabetes and major depression in apnoeic individuals","volume":"20","author":"Wacquier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12251","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-3302","article-title":"Correlation between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4231","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.12.57","article-title":"Systemic hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Lombardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210256","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0256-2021","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships of comorbidity with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"31","author":"Gleeson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-1257-y","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Risk: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management","volume":"22","author":"Salman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamsai, S., Chootrakool, A., Limpawattana, P., Chindaprasirt, J., Sukeepaisarnjaroen, W., Chotmongkol, V., Silaruks, S., Senthong, V., Sittichanbuncha, Y., and Sawunyavisuth, B. (2021). Hypertensive crisis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-induced hypertension. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02119-x"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0941-z","article-title":"Sleep and Resistant Hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Carnethon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CR146","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881448","article-title":"Prognosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in prospective study of hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in St Petersburg, Russia","volume":"17","author":"Korostovtseva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"165","article-title":"Long-term Effect of CPAP Treatment on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Resistant Hypertension and Sleep Apnea. Data From the HIPARCO-2 Study","volume":"57","author":"Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu147","article-title":"Long-term effects of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure and prognosis in hypertensive patients with coronary heart disease and obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.01.004","article-title":"Sleep apnea-plus: Prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular diseases using United States population-level data","volume":"13","author":"Vozoris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6988","article-title":"Comorbid Insomnia With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors","volume":"14","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hein, M., Wacquier, B., Lanquart, J.P., and Loas, G. (2022). Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Apnoeic Individuals: Role of Comorbid Insomnia Disorder. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12070944"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20220018","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk associated with co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) in type 2 diabetics","volume":"15","author":"Hein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101958","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01958-2021","article-title":"Comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea is associated with all-cause mortality","volume":"60","author":"Lechat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2022-0009","article-title":"Cardiac events and economic burden among patients with hypertension and treated insomnia in the USA","volume":"18","author":"Wickwire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4691","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004691","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnea plus hypertension and prevalent cardiovascular diseases: A cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2014). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37, S81\u2013S90.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579","article-title":"General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"Vasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31949-X","article-title":"A community-based comprehensive intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4): A cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Schwalm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105913","article-title":"Strategy of blood pressure intervention in the elderly hypertensive patients (STEP): Rational, design, and baseline characteristics for the main trial","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [4th ed.]. Text Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Morin, C.M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.4.499","article-title":"Practice Parameters for the Indications for Polysomnography and Related Procedures: An Update for 2005","volume":"28","author":"Kushida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Iber, C., Ancoli-Israel, S., Chesson, A., Quan, S.F., and for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2007). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: Update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.05.014","article-title":"Periodic leg movements during sleep: Phenotype, neurophysiology, and clinical significance","volume":"31","author":"Ferri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/627096","article-title":"Canadian Thoracic Society guidelines: Diagnosis and treatment of sleep disordered breathing in adults","volume":"13","author":"Fleetham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.09.014","article-title":"Clinical significance of periodic limb movements during sleep: The HypnoLaus study","volume":"41","author":"Tobback","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.025","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: Updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria--history, rationale, description, and significance","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.8.1567","article-title":"Derivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia: Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group","volume":"27","author":"Edinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.30637\/2020.19-059","article-title":"Insomnia with short sleep duration as risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Hein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Brux."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Marcos, M.A., Mart\u00ednez-Salgado, C., Martin-Cantera, C., Recio-Rodr\u00edguez, J.I., Casta\u00f1o-S\u00e1nchez, Y., Gin\u00e9-Garriga, M., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E., and Garc\u00eda-Ortiz, L. (2009). Therapeutic implications of selecting the SCORE (European) versus the D\u2019AGOSTINO (American) risk charts for cardiovascular risk assessment in hypertensive patients. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-9-17"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082012000100008","article-title":"Assessment of cardiovascular risk of patients with arterial hypertension of a public health unit","volume":"10","author":"Cesarino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692013000300023","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk assessment in hypertensive patients","volume":"21","author":"Colugnati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enfermagem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.11.012","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk stratification with plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in a community-based hypertensive cohort","volume":"113","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.12.016","article-title":"The association between the Framingham risk score and sleep: A S\u00e3o Paulo epidemiological sleep study","volume":"13","author":"Cintra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.05.013","article-title":"Risk of resistant hypertension associated with restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep: A study on 673 treated hypertensive individuals","volume":"63","author":"Hein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12116","article-title":"Insomnia symptoms and subsequent cardiovascular medication: A register-linked follow-up study among middle-aged employees","volume":"23","author":"Haaramo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patient experiences of depression and anxiety with chronic disease: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis","volume":"13","author":"DeJean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cojocariu, S.A., Ma\u0219taleru, A., Sasc\u0103u, R.A., St\u0103tescu, C., Mitu, F., and Leon-Constantin, M.M. (2021). Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57020155"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac110","article-title":"Antihypertensive drugs and brain function: Mechanisms underlying therapeutically beneficial and harmful neuropsychiatric effects","volume":"119","author":"Carnovale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.09.006","article-title":"Comorbidity between sleep apnea and insomnia","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27772","article-title":"Comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea: Challenges for clinical practice and research","volume":"6","author":"Luyster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragnoli, B., Pochetti, P., Raie, A., and Malerba, M. (2021). Comorbid Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (COMISA): Current Concepts of Patient Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179248"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.01.026","article-title":"Insomnia and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"152","author":"Javaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Yeghiazarians","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.02.008","article-title":"The Effects of Insomnia and Sleep Loss on Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1605-3","article-title":"Comorbid insomnia symptoms predict lower 6-month adherence to CPAP in US veterans with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"22","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-cus-2020-014","article-title":"Treating sleep disorders to improve blood pressure control and cardiovascular prevention: A dream come true?-a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Maiolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-021-00436-y","article-title":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Sleep Disorders, High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Consensus Document by the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA)","volume":"28","author":"Grassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13660","article-title":"Association between sleep characteristics and antihypertensive treatment in older adults","volume":"19","author":"Banegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.08.030","article-title":"Objective sleep alterations and long-term use of short or intermediate half-life benzodiazepine receptor agonists are risk factors for high blood pressure in individuals with insomnia: A study in 1272 individuals referred for sleep examinations","volume":"53","author":"Hein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16303","article-title":"CPAP vs Mandibular Advancement Devices and Blood Pressure in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"314","author":"Bratton","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-015-0019-7","article-title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in the Context of Cardiovascular Conditions","volume":"1","author":"Conley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweetman, A., Lack, L., and Bastien, C. (2019). Co-Morbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea (COMISA): Prevalence, Consequences, Methodological Considerations, and Recent Randomized Controlled Trials. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9120371"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prise en charge des troubles du sommeil","volume":"37","author":"Hein","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMC Psychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S188499","article-title":"The relationship between sleep disturbances and quality of life in elderly patients with hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Uchmanowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-022-01181-w","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: Updates to a Critical Relationship","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.M., Lu, I.C., Chen, Y.C., Hsuan, C.F., Lin, Y.J., and Chuang, H.Y. (2021). Behavioral Factors Associated with Medication Nonadherence in Patients with Hypertension. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189614"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12992","article-title":"Influence of high risk of obstructive sleep apnea on adherence to antihypertensive treatment in outpatients","volume":"19","author":"Righi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpab021","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Hypertensive Patients","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2013.72","article-title":"Assessment of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients: A comparison of commonly used risk scoring programs","volume":"3","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl. (2011)"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/6\/1379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:53:55Z","timestamp":1760126035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/6\/1379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["life13061379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13061379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]}}}