{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:58:41Z","timestamp":1790117921690,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the diagnosis and management of DED can be challenging, as the condition is multifactorial and symptoms can be nonspecific. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in diagnostic technology for DED, including the development of several new devices. Methods: A literature review of articles on the dry eye syndrome and innovative diagnostic devices was carried out to provide an overview of some of the current high-tech diagnostic tools for DED, specifically focusing on the TearLab Osmolarity System, DEvice Hygrometer, IDRA, Tearcheck, Keratograph 5M, Cornea Dome Lens Imaging System, I-PEN Osmolarity System, LipiView II interferometer, LacryDiag Ocular Surface Analyzer, Tearscope-Plus, and Cobra HD Camera. Conclusions: Despite the fact that consistent use of these tools in clinical settings could facilitate diagnosis, no diagnostic device can replace the TFOS algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T01:49:32Z","timestamp":1687398572000},"page":"1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Promising High-Tech Devices in Dry Eye Disease Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"De Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariateresa","family":"Laborante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Coassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Sgrulletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Zazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S332565","article-title":"Comparing SPEED and OSDI Questionnaires in a Non-Clinical Sample","volume":"15","author":"Hashmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"7526120","article-title":"Risk Factors and Symptoms of Meibomian Gland Loss in a Healthy Population","volume":"2016","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.09.43","article-title":"Editorial: Collecting tear osmolarity measurements in the diagnosis of dry eye","volume":"4","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1586\/erm.12.142","article-title":"TearLab\u00ae Osmolarity System for diagnosing dry eye","volume":"13","author":"Versura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12901","article-title":"The validity of point of care tear film osmometers in the diagnosis of dry eye","volume":"42","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.01.003","article-title":"Tear osmolarity measurement using the TearLab Osmolarity System in the assessment of dry eye treatment effectiveness","volume":"33","author":"Benelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2016.06.006","article-title":"Measurement variability of the TearLab Osmolarity System","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182532047","article-title":"Evaluation of tear osmolarity in non-Sj\u00f6gren and Sj\u00f6gren syndrome dry eye patients with the TearLab system","volume":"31","author":"Szalai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120969035","article-title":"Ocular surface analysis: A comparison between the LipiView\u00ae II and IDRA\u00ae","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01819-9","article-title":"Relationship between the partial blink rate and ocular surface parameters","volume":"41","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003052","article-title":"Accuracy of a New Noninvasive Automatic Ocular Surface Analyzer for the Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease-Two-Gate Design Using Healthy Controls","volume":"42","author":"Rinert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.07.006","article-title":"Interobserver and intraobserver repeatability of lipid layer pattern evaluation by two experienced observers","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(98)80035-0","article-title":"Non-invasive tearscope plus routine for contact lens fitting","volume":"21","author":"Guillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Tan, C.L.S., and Tong, L. (2015). Intra-observer and inter-observer repeatability of ocular surface interferometer in measuring lipid layer thickness. BMC Ophthalmol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0036-9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000762","article-title":"Comparative study of two infrared meibographers in evaporative dry eye versus nondry eye patients","volume":"47","author":"Salinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000279","article-title":"Repeatability of grading meibomian gland dropout using two infrared systems","volume":"91","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8013621","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8013621","article-title":"Repeatability and Reproducibility of Noninvasive Keratograph 5M Measurements in Patients with Dry Eye Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002804","article-title":"Correlation of Measures from the OCULUS Keratograph and Clinical Assessments of Dry Eye Disease in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study","volume":"41","author":"Sutphin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.03.007","article-title":"Assessment of ocular redness measurements obtained with keratograph 5M and correlation with subjective grading scales","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Wei, A., Xu, J., Zhou, X., and Hong, J. (2022). Application of Keratograph and Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Measurements of Tear Meniscus Height. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051343"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000575","article-title":"Comparison of Tear Meniscus Height Measurements Obtained with the Keratograph and Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Dry Eye","volume":"34","author":"Baek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87336-2","article-title":"Evaluation of tear osmolarity measured by I-Pen osmolarity system in patients with dry eye","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_65_20","article-title":"Investigation of the repeatability of tear osmolarity using an I-PEN osmolarity device","volume":"11","author":"Fagehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001653","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of a Novel Handheld Osmolarity System for Measurement of a National Institute of Standards Traceable Solution","volume":"37","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimazaki, J., Sakata, M., Den, S., Iwasaki, M., and Toda, I. (2020). Tear Film Osmolarity Measurement in Japanese Dry Eye Patients Using a Handheld Osmolarity System. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100789"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S135068","article-title":"Randomized comparison of in vivo performance of two point-of-care tear film osmometers","volume":"11","author":"Nolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/156645","article-title":"Correlation between osmolarity measurements using the TearLabTM and I-Pen\u00ae systems in subjects with a high body mass index","volume":"31","author":"Alanazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.10.014","article-title":"Comparison of meibomian gland dropout using two infrared imaging devices","volume":"42","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05162-8","article-title":"Reliability and clinical applicability of a novel tear film imaging tool","volume":"259","author":"Szalai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893688","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.893688","article-title":"Reliability, repeatability, and accordance between three different corneal diagnostic imaging devices for evaluating the ocular surface","volume":"9","author":"Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.9.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Repeatability of the LacryDiag Ocular Surface Analyzer for Assessment of the Meibomian Glands and Tear Film","volume":"10","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lins, A. (2021, January 27\u201329). Image-based Eye Redness Using Standardized Ocular Surface Photography. Proceedings of the 2nd MCI Medical Technologies Master\u2019s Conference, Innsbruck, Austria."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudenzi, D., Mori, T., Crugliano, S., Grasso, A., Frontini, C., Carducci, A., Yadav, S., Sgrulletta, R., Schena, E., and Coassin, M. (2022). AS-OCT and Ocular Hygrometer as Innovative Tools in Dry Eye Disease Diagnosis. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031647"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5359-5_43","article-title":"Abnormal lipid layers. Observation, differential diagnosis, and classification","volume":"438","author":"Guillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000502","article-title":"Comparison of Tearscope-plus versus slit lamp measurements of inferior tear meniscus height in normal individuals","volume":"20","author":"Fodor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1393092","article-title":"Imaging the Tear Film: A Comparison Between the Subjective Keeler Tearscope-PlusTM and the Objective Oculus\u00ae Keratograph 5M and LipiView\u00ae Interferometer","volume":"43","author":"Markoulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S318","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000467","article-title":"Relationships between meibomian gland loss and age, sex, and dry eye","volume":"44","author":"Pult","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13074","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of Cobra HD fundus camera meibography in young adults with and without symptoms of dry eye","volume":"43","author":"Ifrah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211064018","article-title":"Effect of minimonovision in bilateral implantation of a novel non-diffractive extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens: Defocus curves, visual outcomes, and quality of life","volume":"32","author":"Coassin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0869-1","article-title":"One week of levofloxacin plus dexamethasone eye drops for cataract surgery: An innovative and rational therapeutic strategy","volume":"34","author":"Bandello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonini, M., Gaudenzi, D., Spelta, S., Sborgia, G., Poddi, M., Micera, A., Sgrulletta, R., Coassin, M., and Di Zazzo, A. (2021). Ocular Surface Failure in Urban Syndrome. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143048"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/7\/1425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:57:56Z","timestamp":1760126276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/7\/1425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life13071425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13071425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]}}}