{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:49:27Z","timestamp":1792446567324,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although in 2017 a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocol received Food and Drug Administration approval for the first time for the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), which neural target and which protocol should be used for OCD are still debated. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available open and sham-controlled trials. Methods: The primary analysis included a pairwise meta-analysis (over 31 trials), and then subgroup analyses were performed for each targeted brain area. Meta-regression analyses explored the possible moderators of effect size. Results: The pairwise meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in OCD symptoms following active rTMS (g = \u22120.45 [95%CI: \u22120.62, \u22120.29]) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 34.9%). Subgroup analyses showed a significant effect of rTMS over the bilateral pre-SMA (supplementary motor area), the DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), the ACC\/mPFC (anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex), and the OFC (orbitofrontal cortex). No moderators of the effect size emerged. Conclusions: TMS of several brain targets represents a safe and effective treatment option for OCD patients. Further studies are needed to help clinicians to individualize TMS protocols and targets for each patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:34:08Z","timestamp":1688344448000},"page":"1494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Will Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improve the Treatment of Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Targets and Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Grassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Center Firenze, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9269-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna","family":"Moradei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Center Firenze, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cecchelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Center Firenze, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152352","article-title":"Treatment-resistant OCD: Pharmacotherapies in adults","volume":"120","author":"Grassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr. 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