{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:06:21Z","timestamp":1790312781004,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia and Junior Project","award":["11\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: We aimed to analyze the oxidative status of patients with unstable angina pectoris (UA), as well as to determine the correlation of these parameters between coronary arterial and peripheral venous blood samples. (2) Methods: The study included 47 human subjects with UA and 45 control subjects. We performed clinical examinations, hemodynamic and coronary angiography measures. Also, in the blood samples, we measured routine laboratory markers and the concentration of pro-oxidants: index of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), superoxide anion radical (O2\u2212), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrites (NO2\u2212), while antioxidant parameters were determined from red blood cells: reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). All parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. (3) Results: Significantly higher values of TBARS and all measured antioxidants SOD, CAT and GSH were observed in the coronary arterial blood of the UA group relative to coronary arterial blood of the control subjects. On the other hand, in the peripheral venous blood samples, a significantly lower GSH value was found in the UA group compared to the control. (4) Conclusions: This study has shown that the majority of changes in all measured redox markers are found in coronary blood, especially related to the activity of antioxidant components. In patients with an unstable form of angina, prooxidants (superoxide anion radical and index of lipid peroxidation) and endogenous antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) are in direct correlation with the course of ischemic disease. Future studies, where participants would be randomized depending on symptom duration, are necessary to confirm these conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:40:02Z","timestamp":1689039602000},"page":"1537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Role of Systemic Oxidative Status in Coronary Arterial and Peripheral Venous Blood of Patients with Unstable Angina Pectoris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Panic D.","family":"Dragan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Cuprija, Miodraga Novakovic 78, 35230 Cuprija, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simic B.","family":"Ivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davidovic Z.","family":"Goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolic D.","family":"Maja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5386-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazarevic D.","family":"Nevena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andjic M.","family":"Marijana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuckovic M.","family":"Jelena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zornic J.","family":"Nenad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zivkovic I.","family":"Vladimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University (Sechenov University), 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara Nikolic","family":"Turnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University (Sechenov University), 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"N.A. Semashko Public Health and Healthcare Department, F.F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakovljevic Lj","family":"Vladimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University (Sechenov University), 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University I.M. Sechenov, 1st Moscow State Medical, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iric Cupic M.","family":"Violeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Oxidative stress: Predictive marker for coronary artery disease","volume":"18","author":"Vichova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.035","article-title":"Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature: Part 2 of a 3-Part Series","volume":"70","author":"Camici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia, K.S., Llanas-Cornejo, D., and Husi, H. (2017). CVD and Oxidative Stress. J. Clin. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6020022"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senoner, T., and Dichtl, W. (2019). Review Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092090"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"\u0110uki\u0107, M. (2008). Oksidativni Stres: Klini\u010dko-Dijagnosti\u010dki Zna\u010daj, Vulkan izdava\u0161tvo."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Ventura, J.L., Rodrigues-Diez, R., Martinez-Lopez, D., Salaices, M., Blanco-Colio, L.M., and Briones, A.M. (2017). Oxidative Stress in Human Atherothrombosis: Sources, Markers and Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112315"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8563845","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8563845","article-title":"Targeting Early Atherosclerosis: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","volume":"2019","author":"Marchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.15.1955","article-title":"Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"103","author":"Ehara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043384718","article-title":"Oxidative stress during myocardial ischaemia and heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00442-X","article-title":"Myocardial apoptosis and ischemic preconditioning","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000209886.31510.7f","article-title":"Persistent high levels of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein after acute myocardial infarction predict stent restenosis","volume":"26","author":"Naruko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.09.062","article-title":"Urinary 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine levels increase after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction and may predict subsequent cardiac events","volume":"95","author":"Nagayoshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HREV.0000011393.40674.13","article-title":"Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases by cytokines and reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species in the myocardium","volume":"9","author":"Siwik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00101-6","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"31","author":"Keith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(01)00706-7","article-title":"Increased level of advanced oxidation protein products in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"162","author":"Kaneda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000037101.40667.62","article-title":"Superoxide generation in directional coronary atherectomy specimens of patients with angina pectoris: Important role of NAD(P)H oxidase","volume":"22","author":"Azumi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.88.5.529","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction associated with oxidative stress in failing hearts after myocardial infarction","volume":"88","author":"Ide","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80360-5","article-title":"Identification of free radicals in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion by spin trapping with nitrone DMPO","volume":"221","author":"Arroyo","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656450","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1656450","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury and Remodeling: Revisited","volume":"2016","author":"Kurian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, April 18). Available online: https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/rs\/en\/home\/references\/protocols\/cell-and-tissue-analysis\/elisa-protocol\/elisa-sample-preparation-protocols\/plasma-and-serum-preparation.html."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X","article-title":"Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids","volume":"126","author":"Green","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Greenwald, R.A. (1985). Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(80)90340-3","article-title":"A simple colorimetric method for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide produced by cells in culture","volume":"38","author":"Pick","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Beutler, E. (1982). Red Cell Metabolism, a Manual of Biochemical Methods, Grune and Stratton."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide-anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Beutler, E. (1975). Red Cell Metabolism, a Manual of Biochemical Methods, Grune and Stratton."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"27","article-title":"A comparison of arteries and veins in oxidative stress: Producers, destroyers, function, and disease","volume":"232","author":"Szasz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.19.2408","article-title":"Oxidative stress and lipid retention in vascular grafts: Comparison between venous and arterial conduits","volume":"103","author":"Shi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000139011.94634.9d","article-title":"Systemic regulation of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activity and nox isoform expression in human arteries and veins","volume":"24","author":"Guzik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Is peripheral blood a reliable indicator of acute oxidative stress following heart ischemia and reperfusion?","volume":"7","author":"Lantos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm015","article-title":"Coronary sinus blood sampling: An insight into local cardiac pathophysiology and treatment?","volume":"28","author":"Jaumdally","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"236","article-title":"Oxidative stress status in coronary Artery disease patients","volume":"1","author":"Bhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Biotechnol. Pharma Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3042","article-title":"Assessment of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile in the subjects of coronary artery disease (CAD)","volume":"5","author":"Thakur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.68.11.454","article-title":"Evidence for oxidative stress in unstable angina","volume":"68","author":"McMurray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060473","article-title":"Oxidative stress in patients with unstable angina","volume":"15","author":"Artigou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.5.887","article-title":"Oxidative stress and homocysteine in coronary artery disease","volume":"47","author":"Cavalca","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"40","article-title":"Progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) from Stable Angina (SA) towards Myocardial Infarction (MI): Role of Oxidative Stress","volume":"8","author":"Uppal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"599","article-title":"Are oxidative stress markers helpful for diagnosing the disease and determining its complexity or extent in patients with stable coronary artery disease?","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. Kardiyol. Dern. Ars."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.5761","article-title":"The relation between intensity and complexity of coronary artery lesion and oxidative stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Turan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"335","article-title":"Low blood glutathione levels in acute myocardial infaction","volume":"57","author":"Kharb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ind. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.26444\/jpccr\/81277","article-title":"Glutathione level and glutathione reductase activity in serum of coronary heart disease patients","volume":"11","author":"Zuzak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pre-Clin. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"437","article-title":"Levels of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase of human platelets in unstable angina and myocardial infarction","volume":"138","author":"Kaur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Boll. Chim. Farm."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"197","article-title":"Glutathione reductase levels in patients with unstable angina","volume":"49","author":"Sapira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v5.i4.218","article-title":"Enzymatic antioxidant system in vascular inflammation and coronary artery disease","volume":"5","author":"Lubrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1517\/14728220903099668","article-title":"Correlation of antioxidants with lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in patients suffering from coronary artery disease","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-006-0100-0","article-title":"Role of superoxide dismutase in vascular inflammation and in coronary artery disease","volume":"6","author":"Lubrano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2006.09.007","article-title":"Correlation of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease patients","volume":"40","author":"Memon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5790","article-title":"Clinical Application of NOX Activity and Other Oxidative Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review","volume":"23","author":"Violi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/7\/1537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:10:16Z","timestamp":1760127016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/7\/1537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life13071537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13071537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]}}}