{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:18:27Z","timestamp":1790965107273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) combines two antiplatelet agents to decrease the risk of thrombotic complications associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Emerging data about the duration of DAPT is being published continuously. New approaches are trying to balance the time, benefits, and risks for patients taking DAPT for established cardiovascular diseases. Short-term dual DAPT of 3\u20136 months, or even 1 month in high-bleeding risk patients, is equivalent in terms of efficacy and effectiveness compared to long-term DAPT for patients who experienced percutaneous coronary intervention in an acute coronary syndrome setting. Prolonged DAPT beyond 12 months reduces stent thrombosis, major adverse cardiovascular events, and myocardial infarction rates but increases bleeding risk. Extended DAPT does not significantly benefit stable coronary artery disease patients in reducing stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death. Ticagrelor and aspirin reduce cardiovascular events in stable coronary artery disease with diabetes but carry a higher bleeding risk. Antiplatelet therapy duration in atrial fibrillation patients after percutaneous coronary intervention depends on individual characteristics and bleeding risk. Antiplatelet therapy is crucial for post-coronary artery bypass graft and transcatheter aortic valve implantation; Aspirin (ASA) monotherapy is preferred. Antiplatelet therapy duration in peripheral artery disease depends on the scenario. Adding vorapaxar and cilostazol may benefit secondary prevention and claudication, respectively. Carotid artery disease patients with transient ischemic attack or stroke benefit from antiplatelet therapy and combining ASA and clopidogrel is more effective than ASA alone. The optimal duration of DAPT after carotid artery stenting is uncertain. Resistance to ASA and clopidogrel poses an incremental risk of deleterious cardiovascular events and stroke. The selection and duration of antiplatelet therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease requires careful consideration of both efficacy and safety outcomes. The use of combination therapies may provide added benefits but should be weighed against the risk of bleeding. Further research and clinical trials are needed to optimize antiplatelet treatment in different patient populations and clinical scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:47:38Z","timestamp":1689727658000},"page":"1580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Dual Antiplatelet Therapy: A Concise Review for Clinicians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hafeez Ul Hassan","family":"Virk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johao","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Transitional Medical Graduate, American College of Physician, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John T Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Jneid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7653-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yochai","family":"Birnbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn N.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Sidney C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayakrit","family":"Krittanawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jourdi, G., Lordkipanidz\u00e9, M., Philippe, A., Bachelot-Loza, C., and Gaussem, P. (2021). Current and Novel Antiplatelet Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Int. J. 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