{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:09Z","timestamp":1760149269003,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC"},{"name":"Epic Games MegaGrant Recipients"},{"name":"London Health Science Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: As pediatric BOLD Signal Variability (SV) analysis is relatively novel, there is a need to provide a foundational framework that gives researchers an entry point into engaging with the topic. This begins with clarifying the definition of BOLD signal variability by identifying and categorizing the various metrics utilized to measure BOLD SV. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Inclusion criteria were restricted to studies utilizing any metric of BOLD SV and with individuals younger than 18 in the study population. The definition of BOLD SV was any measure of intra-individual variability in the BOLD signal. Five databases were searched: Psychinfo, Healthstar, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus. Results: A total of 17 observational studies, including male (n = 1796) and female (n = 1324) pediatric participants were included. Eight studies quantified variability as the amount of deviation from the average BOLD signal, seven used complexity-based metrics, three used correlation measures of variability, and one used the structure of the hemodynamic response function. In this study, 10 methods of quantifying signal variability were identified. Associations and trends in BOLD SV were commonly found with age, factors specific to mental and\/or neurological disorders such as attention deficit disorder, epilepsy, psychotic symptoms, and performance on psychological and behavioral tasks. Conclusions: BOLD SV is a potential biomarker of neurodevelopmental and neurological conditions and symptom severity in mental disorders for defined pediatric populations. Studies that establish clinical trends and identify the mechanisms underlying BOLD SV with a low risk of bias are needed before clinical applications can be utilized by physicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T21:20:14Z","timestamp":1689801614000},"page":"1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Signal Variability in Pediatric Neuroscience: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0561-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Dinatolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiana Roxana","family":"Pur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Eagleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7096-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"de Ribaupierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5166-09.2010","article-title":"Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Signal Variability Is More than Just Noise","volume":"30","author":"Garrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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