{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:58:12Z","timestamp":1780055892564,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis and the consequent clinical presentation, including stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The most essential elements are cytokines, proteins with hormone-like properties that are produced by the immune cells, endothelial cells, platelets, fibroblasts, and some stromal cells. Interleukins (IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6), chemokines, interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) are the cytokines commonly associated with endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. These molecules can be targeted by commonly used therapeutic substances or selective molecules that exert targeted anti-inflammatory actions. The most significant anti-inflammatory therapies are aspirin, statins, colchicine, IL-1\u03b2 inhibitors, and IL-6 inhibitors, along with novel therapies such as TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors and IL-1 receptor antagonists. Aspirin and statins are well-established therapies for atherosclerosis and CAD and their pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory actions contribute to their efficacy and favorable profile. Colchicine may also be considered in high-risk patients if recurrent ACS episodes occur when on optimal medical therapy according to the most recent guidelines. Recent randomized studies have also shown that therapies specifically targeting inflammatory interleukins and inflammation can reduce the risk for cardiovascular events, but these therapies are yet to be fully implemented in clinical practice. Preclinical research is also intense, targeting various inflammatory mediators that are believed to be implicated in CAD, namely repeated transfers of the soluble mutant of IFN-\u03b3 receptors, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, IL-10 delivery by nanocarriers, chemokine modulatory treatments, and reacting oxygen species (ROS) targeting nanoparticles. Such approaches, although intriguing and promising, ought to be tested in clinical settings before safe conclusions can be drawn. Although the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis is significant, further studies are needed in order to elucidate this association and improve outcomes in patients with CAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1690795358000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Novel Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Dimitroglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantina","family":"Aggeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9260-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Theofilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1100-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tsioufis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital \u201cSotiria\u201d, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Chasikidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Corinth, 20100 Corinth, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsioufis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Tousoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Age-Sex-Specific Mortality for 282 Causes of Death in 195 Countries and Territories, 1980\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179705","article-title":"History of Discovery: Inflammation in Atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Libby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. 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