{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:35:02Z","timestamp":1793205302171,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital","award":["11001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11001"]}]},{"name":"Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital","award":["11010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11010"]}]},{"name":"Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital","award":["11013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11013"]}]},{"name":"Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital","award":["11103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11103"]}]},{"name":"Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital","award":["CLRPG2L0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLRPG2L0051"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["11001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11001"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["11010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11010"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["11013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11013"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["11103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11103"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CLRPG2L0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLRPG2L0051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis are at an elevated risk of developing dementia, potentially linked to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this population, which may contribute to cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of dementia in hemodialysis patients remains uncertain, necessitating further investigation to elucidate the potential benefits of vitamin D intervention in this vulnerable group. Methods: In this propensity-score-matched comparative cohort study, we sought to assess the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the occurrence of dementia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. A total of 1424 patients were included and matched 1:1 using propensity scores. The study population was divided into two groups: those receiving vitamin D supplementation at a dose of \u226570 \u03bcg\/week and those without any supplementation. The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of dementia. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) to examine the association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of dementia while controlling for relevant covariates. Results: The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) comparing vitamin D supplementation to no supplementation was 0.44 (95% CI 0.29\u20130.69; p &lt; 0.0001), demonstrating a significant decrease in the risk of dementia associated with vitamin D supplementation. The aHRs for vitamin D supplementation at different dose ranges (70\u2013105, 106\u2013350, 351\u20131000, and &gt;1000 \u03bcg\/week) were 0.51, 0.49, 0.43, and 0.41, respectively (p for trend &lt; 0.0001). These findings suggest a potential dose-dependent relationship between vitamin D supplementation and the reduction of dementia risk. Conclusions: In our study, we found that vitamin D supplementation at doses of \u226570 \u03bcg\/week significantly reduced the risk of dementia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Furthermore, our results indicated a dose-dependent effect, with higher doses of supplementation correlating with a greater reduction in dementia risk. These findings underscore the potential of vitamin D supplementation as a preventive approach for cognitive impairment in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:20:14Z","timestamp":1692008414000},"page":"1741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Protective Effect of Vitamin D on Dementia Risk in Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chih-Lang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Tzu","family":"Jao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben-Chang","family":"Shia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5637-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan"},{"name":"Centers for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60952-6","article-title":"All-cause mortality attributable to chronic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study based on 462,293 adults in Taiwan","volume":"371","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13460","article-title":"Taiwan renal care system: A learning health-care system","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.34.110","article-title":"Effects of an additional resistance training intervention in hemodialysis patients performing long-term ergometer exercise during dialysis","volume":"34","author":"Noguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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