{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:35:21Z","timestamp":1790271321721,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastroparesis (GP) is a chronic disease characterized by upper gastrointestinal symptoms, primarily nausea and vomiting, and delayed gastric emptying (GE), in the absence of mechanical GI obstruction. The underlying pathophysiology of GP remains unclear, but factors contributing to the condition include vagal nerve dysfunction, impaired gastric fundic accommodation, antral hypomotility, gastric dysrhythmias, and pyloric dysfunction. Currently, gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) is considered the gold standard for GP diagnosis. However, the overall delay in GE weakly correlates with GP symptoms and their severity. Recent research efforts have focused on developing treatments that address the presumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of GP, such as pyloric hypertonicity, with Gastric Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (G-POEM) one of these procedures. New promising diagnostic tools for gastroparesis include wireless motility capsule (WMC), the 13 carbon-GE breath test, high-resolution electrogastrography, and the Endoluminal Functional Lumen Imaging Probe (EndoFLIP). Some of these tools assess alterations beyond GE, such as muscular electrical activity and pyloric tone. These modalities have the potential to characterize the pathophysiology of gastroparesis, identifying patients who may benefit from targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on diagnostic pathways in GP, with a focus on the association between diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:20:14Z","timestamp":1692008414000},"page":"1743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Imaging in Gastroparesis: Exploring Innovative Diagnostic Approaches, Symptoms, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Vito","family":"Mandarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0042-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina Gloria Giulia","family":"Testoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Barchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Azzolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sinagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology & Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefal\u00f9, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5806-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Chiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12060","article-title":"ESNM Gastroparesis Consensus Group. 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