{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:45:24Z","timestamp":1791618324226,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental light entrains many physiological and behavioural processes to the 24 h solar cycle. Such light-driven circadian rhythms are centrally controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives information from the short-wavelength-sensitive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The SCN synchronizes local clocks throughout the body affecting sleep\/wake routines and the secretion of neuroendocrine-linked hormones such as melatonin from the pineal gland and cortisol via the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Although the effects of light parameters on melatonin have been recently reviewed, whether the experimental variation of the spectral power distribution and intensity of light can induce changes in cortisol rhythms remains unclear. Thus, this systematic review evaluated the effects of daytime exposure to lights of different spectral wavelength characteristics and luminance intensity on the cortisol levels in healthy individuals. A search of the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases on 19 June 2023 identified 3418 articles, of which 12 studies (profiling 337 participants) met the inclusion and risk of bias criteria. An analysis of the literature indicated that exposure to bright lights of any colour during the late night or early morning can induce significant increases in cortisol secretion relative to time-matched dim light comparison conditions. Furthermore, exposure to bright lights with stronger short-wavelength (blue\/green) components in the early morning typically induced greater increases in cortisol relative to lights with stronger long-wavelength (red) components. Thus, the circadian regulation of cortisol is sensitive to the wavelength composition of environmental lighting, in line with the more commonly studied melatonin. As such, wavelength characteristics should be optimized and reported in light intervention studies (particularly for the investigation of cortisol-associated disorders and HPA axis function), and exposure to short-wavelength light during sensitive periods should be carefully considered in constructed environments (e.g., bedroom and classroom lighting and device screens).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13101968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1695783858000},"page":"1968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Influence of Light Wavelength on Human HPA Axis Rhythms: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Robertson-Dixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1315-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila G.","family":"Crewther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brabant, G., Henley, D.E., Kaye, J.M., and Lightman, S.L. (2011). Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oxford Academic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1518","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1518","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and the HPA axis: A systems view","volume":"13","author":"Androulakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.09.009","article-title":"Light activates the adrenal gland: Timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release","volume":"2","author":"Ishida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00575.x","article-title":"Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway","volume":"11","author":"Buijs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30139-1","article-title":"Association of disrupted circadian rhythmicity with mood disorders, subjective wellbeing, and cognitive function: A cross-sectional study of 91\u2008105 participants from the UK Biobank","volume":"5","author":"Lyall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-021-09751-2","article-title":"Circadian rhythms: Influence on physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"48","author":"Ayyar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.06.005","article-title":"Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders","volume":"34","author":"Auld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2006.03.004","article-title":"Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light","volume":"38","author":"Webb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1741543","article-title":"The effects of light exposure on the cortisol stress response in human males","volume":"24","author":"Petrowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babilon, S., Myland, P., Klabes, J., Simon, J., and Khanh, T.Q. (2022). Study protocol for measuring the impact of (quasi-)monochromatic light on post-awakening cortisol secretion under controlled laboratory conditions. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267659"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.04.007","article-title":"Lighting in indoor environments: Visual and non-visual effects of light sources with different spectral power distributions","volume":"46","author":"Bellia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221097903","article-title":"Blue-Light Therapy for Seasonal and Non-Seasonal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"67","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.04.012","article-title":"Light therapies to improve sleep in intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders and neuro-psychiatric illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Faulkner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2020.1781149","article-title":"Blue light emission spectra of popular mobile devices: The extent of user protection against melatonin suppression by built-in screen technology and light filtering software systems","volume":"37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3108533.x","article-title":"The use of tinted glasses in childhood migraine","volume":"31","author":"Good","year":"1991","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.02.020","article-title":"The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"142","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-1839(04)70226-2","article-title":"The use of tinted lenses and colored overlays for the treatment of dyslexia and other related reading and learning disorders","volume":"75","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262","article-title":"Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock","volume":"295","author":"Berson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0026-z","article-title":"Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"19","author":"Hastings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.05.013","article-title":"Synchronizing effects of melatonin on diurnal and circadian rhythms","volume":"258","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.02.018","article-title":"The physiological significance of the circadian dynamics of the HPA axis: Interplay between circadian rhythms, allostasis and stress resilience","volume":"110","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721120-00004","article-title":"Role of the Melatonin System in the Control of Sleep","volume":"21","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1080","article-title":"The Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids","volume":"38","author":"Oster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(10)93007-9","article-title":"The Cortisol Awakening Response in Context","volume":"Volume 93","author":"Clow","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-265686","article-title":"Glucocorticoids entrain molecular clock components in human peripheral cells","volume":"29","author":"Cuesta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montaruli, A., Castelli, L., Mul\u00e8, A., Scurati, R., Esposito, F., Galasso, L., and Roveda, E. (2021). Biological Rhythm and Chronotype: New Perspectives in Health. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040487"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hickie, I.B., Naismith, S.L., Robillard, R., Scott, E.M., and Hermens, D.F. (2013). Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-79"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1527773","article-title":"Systematic review of light exposure impact on human circadian rhythm","volume":"36","author":"Partonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00358-2","article-title":"Exposure to long summer days affects the human melatonin and cortisol rhythms","volume":"759","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049300800402","article-title":"Diurnal and Seasonal Rhythms of Neuronal Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Humans","volume":"8","author":"Hofman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2012.14.4\/mmuench","article-title":"Light and chronobiology: Implications for health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Bromundt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x","article-title":"Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: Melatonin phase resetting and suppression","volume":"526","author":"Zeitzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901824116","article-title":"High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light","volume":"116","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.252","article-title":"What is light? The visible spectrum and beyond","volume":"30","author":"Sliney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001","article-title":"Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor","volume":"21","author":"Brainard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04613.x","article-title":"Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans","volume":"23","author":"Cajochen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31ra33","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000741","article-title":"Spectral responses of the human circadian system depend on the irradiance and duration of exposure to light","volume":"2","author":"Gooley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, S.A., Brainard, G.C., Czeisler, C.A., and Lockley, S.W. (2021). Spectral sensitivity of circadian phase resetting, melatonin suppression and acute alerting effects of intermittent light exposure. Biochem. Pharmacol., 191.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114504"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113195","article-title":"Non-visual effects of indoor light environment on humans: A review(\u2730)","volume":"228","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59222","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3073102","article-title":"Effects of Red Light on Circadian Rhythm: A Comparison Among Lamps With Similar Correlated Color Temperatures Yet Distinct Spectrums","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.05.016","article-title":"The effects of post-awakening light exposure on the cortisol awakening response in healthy male individuals","volume":"108","author":"Petrowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1803265","article-title":"Increase in cortisol concentration due to standardized bright and blue light exposure on saliva cortisol in the morning following sleep laboratory","volume":"24","author":"Petrowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36791-5","article-title":"Awakening effects of blue-enriched morning light exposure on university students\u2019 physiological and subjective responses","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"84","article-title":"Immediate effect of blue-enhanced light on reproductive hormones in women","volume":"36","author":"Danilenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829351","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/829351","article-title":"The Effects of Red and Blue Lights on Circadian Variations in Cortisol, Alpha Amylase, and Melatonin","volume":"2010","author":"Figueiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.215","article-title":"Light exposure via a head-mounted device suppresses melatonin and improves vigilant attention without affecting cortisol and comfort","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psych. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110266","article-title":"Effects of a light therapy intervention on diurnal salivary cortisol in fatigued cancer survivors: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"139","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1203-z","article-title":"Light treatment prevents fatigue in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Rissling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.06.003","article-title":"Diurnal cortisol rhythm and fatigue in breast cancer survivors","volume":"30","author":"Bower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.060","article-title":"Has the sun set for seasonal affective disorder and HPA axis studies? A systematic review and future prospects","volume":"256","author":"Agustini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1056","article-title":"On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: Normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders","volume":"90","author":"Buckley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00974","article-title":"Cortisol and Major Depressive Disorder-Translating Findings From Humans to Animal Models and Back","volume":"10","author":"Nandam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.08.009","article-title":"The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Meijer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y","article-title":"Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: A prospective exploratory study","volume":"6","author":"Bramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730410361916","article-title":"Light Exposure Patterns in Healthy Older and Young Adults","volume":"25","author":"Scheuermaier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000477248","article-title":"Investigation of an Immediate Effect of Bright Light on Oxygen Consumption, Heart Rate, Cortisol, and \u03b1-Amylase in Seasonal Affective Disorder Subjects and Healthy Controls","volume":"74","author":"Ivanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. (2022, December 21). Engauge Digitizer Software. Available online: http:\/\/markummitchell.github.io\/engauge-digitizer."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Houston, D.C.R. (2022, December 21). Flourish. Available online: https:\/\/flourish.studio\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.07.175","article-title":"The effects of light exposure on the cortisol awakening response in healthy individuals","volume":"107","author":"Petrowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Traut, J., Prius Mengua, J., Meijer, E.J., McKillop, L.E., Alfonsa, H., Hoerder-Suabedissen, A., Song, S.M., Moln\u00e1r, Z., Akerman, C.J., and Vyazovskiy, V.V. (2022). Oral Abstract. J. Sleep Res., 31."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000477426","article-title":"Abstracts","volume":"74","author":"Partonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01044.x","article-title":"Abstracts","volume":"21","author":"Kashyap","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.057","article-title":"The effects of light exposure on the cortisol awakening response","volume":"100","author":"Petrowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12213","article-title":"Abstracts","volume":"23","author":"Garefelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Rahman, S., Marcu, S., Shapiro, C., Brown, T., and Casper, R. (2009, January 6\u201311). Attenuating Nocturnal Light Induced Disruption in Endocrine, Genetic and Behavioral Circadian Rhythm Phase Markers by Filtering Short Wavelengths. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Associated-Professional-Sleep-Societies, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takemura, Y., Kido, K., Kawana, H., Yamamoto, T., Sanuki, T., and Mukai, Y. (2021). Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115939"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.10.018","article-title":"Assessment of diurnal melatonin, cortisol, activity, and sleep\u2212wake cycle in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.793196","article-title":"Effects of Artificial Dawn and Morning Blue Light on Daytime Cognitive Performance, Well-being, Cortisol and Melatonin Levels","volume":"30","author":"Gabel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/sbr.12121","article-title":"Effects of television luminance and wavelength at habitual bedtime on melatonin and cortisol secretion in humans","volume":"13","author":"Komada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep3040040","article-title":"How Smart Is It to Go to Bed with the Phone? The Impact of Short-Wavelength Light and Affective States on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms","volume":"3","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2023.2222816","article-title":"Investigating the effects of a blue-blocking software on the daily rhythm of sleep, melatonin, cortisol, positive and negative emotions","volume":"40","author":"Makateb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, I.N., Zee, P.C., Shalman, D., Malkani, R.G., Kang, J., and Reid, K.J. (2016). Morning and Evening Blue-Enriched Light Exposure Alters Metabolic Function in Normal Weight Adults. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155601"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.08.017","article-title":"Daytime light exposure: Effects on biomarkers, measures of alertness, and performance","volume":"274","author":"Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahl, S., Engelhardt, M., Schaupp, P., Lappe, C., and Ivanov, I.V. (2019). The inner clock\u2014Blue light sets the human rhythm. J. Biophotonics, 12.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900102"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"72","article-title":"What is the optimal implementation of bright light therapy for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?","volume":"30","author":"Levitan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.057","article-title":"Chemogenetic Activation of Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells Induces Signatures of Arousal and\/or Anxiety in Mice","volume":"26","author":"Milosavljevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010666108","article-title":"Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system","volume":"108","author":"Duffy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb03758.x","article-title":"Patterns of ACTH and cortisol pulsatility over twenty-four hours in normal males and females","volume":"32","author":"Horrocks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1112396","article-title":"Sex differences in the circadian profiles of melatonin and cortisol in plasma and urine matrices under constant routine conditions","volume":"33","author":"Gunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torii, H., Mori, K., Okano, T., Kondo, S., Yang, H.Y., Yotsukura, E., Hanyuda, A., Ogawa, M., Negishi, K., and Kurihara, T. (2022). Short-Term Exposure to Violet Light Emitted from Eyeglass Frames in Myopic Children: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206000"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.22","article-title":"Short-Term Exposure to Blue Light Shows an Inhibitory Effect on Axial Elongation in Human Eyes Independent of Defocus","volume":"62","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.07.003","article-title":"HPA axis in psychotic major depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Cortisol, clinical symptomatology, and cognition","volume":"213","author":"Cherian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00233","article-title":"Blue Light Deprivation Produces Depression-Like Responses in Mongolian Gerbils","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.10.014","article-title":"Cortisol circadian rhythm alterations in psychotic major depression","volume":"60","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.964","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression","volume":"23","author":"Germain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.02.014","article-title":"Prospective associations between the cortisol awakening response and first onsets of anxiety disorders over a six-year follow-up--2013 Curt Richter Award Winner","volume":"44","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/10\/1968\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:59:01Z","timestamp":1760129941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/10\/1968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["life13101968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13101968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}}}