{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:53:14Z","timestamp":1771915994389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite of humans and animals that causes scabies. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that transmits various pathogens. These two parasites have caused great losses to a country\u2019s dairy and agriculture sectors. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in silico efficacy of Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Different concentrations of C. sinensis ethanolic plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method and were used against mites and ticks (in adult immersion test AIT and larval packet test LPT) to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal activity. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the inhibitory interactions between the phytochemicals of the plant and S. scabiei and R. microplus glutathione transferase proteins (SsGST and RmGST). This study observed that the plant extract showed high efficacy in vitro against mites and different tick stages in adult immersion and larval packet tests. Additionally, the in silico study revealed a strong binding interaction between ellagic acid and SsGST protein, with a binding energy of \u22127.3 kcal\/mol, with respect to permethrin (\u22126.7 kcal\/mol), whereas quercetin and RmGST resulted in a docking score of \u22128.6 kcal\/mol compared to deltamethrin (\u22128.2 kcal\/mol). Overall, this study explored the potential of C. sinensis as a natural alternative for controlling tick and mite infestations and provided insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of its phytochemicals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T03:07:47Z","timestamp":1697080067000},"page":"2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Silico Exploration and Experimental Validation of Camellia sinensis Extract against Rhipicephalus microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei: An Integrated Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1747-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Ageeli","family":"Hakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nosheen","family":"Malak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afshan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidayat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Coss\u00edo-Bay\u00fagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal eInocuidad, INIFAP, Km 11 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasreen","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan"},{"name":"PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardoni, S., and Mancianti, F. 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