{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:04:26Z","timestamp":1790888666943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood as fatty streaks\u2014an accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall. Over time, a more complex lesion develops into an atheroma and characteristic fibrous plaques. Atherosclerosis alone is rarely fatal; it is the further changes that render fibrous plaques vulnerable to rupture; plaque rupture represents the most common cause of coronary thrombosis. The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1697294322000},"page":"2056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult\u2014Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alina Costina","family":"Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Georgiana","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Gabriel","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4192-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viorel","family":"\u021aarc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana-Alexandra","family":"P\u0103dure\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana Elena","family":"M\u00eendru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange Tamara","family":"Ro\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard Vasile","family":"Ro\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Adumitr\u0103chioaiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Bernic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pediatric Surgery, \u201cNicolae Testemi\u021banu\u201d State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2025 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7859-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cojocaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I\u2014Pathology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"\u021aarc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery II Department\u2014Pediatric Surgery, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. 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