{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:37:05Z","timestamp":1760150225399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)","award":["ALW-GO\/13-09","PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALW-GO\/13-09","PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0016"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation","award":["ALW-GO\/13-09","PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALW-GO\/13-09","PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Movile Cave, situated in Romania close to the Black Sea, constitutes a distinct and challenging environment for life. Its partially submerged ecosystem depends on chemolithotrophic processes for its energetics, which are fed by a continuous hypogenic inflow of mesothermal waters rich in reduced chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide and methane. We sampled a variety of cave sublocations over the course of three years. Furthermore, in a microcosm experiment, minerals were incubated in the cave waters for one year. Both endemic cave samples and extracts from the minerals were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The sequence data show specific community profiles in the different subenvironments, indicating that specialized prokaryotic communities inhabit the different zones in the cave. Already after one year, the different incubated minerals had been colonized by specific microbial communities, indicating that microbes in Movile Cave can adapt in a relatively short timescale to environmental opportunities in terms of energy and nutrients. Life can thrive, diversify and adapt in remote and isolated subterranean environments such as Movile Cave.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T06:20:16Z","timestamp":1698301216000},"page":"2120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microbial Ecosystems in Movile Cave: An Environment of Extreme Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joost W.","family":"Aerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cell Biology, A-LIFE, 01-E-57, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 3, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serban M.","family":"Sarbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cEmil Racovi\u0163\u0103\u201d Institute of Speleology, Str. Frumoas\u0103 31, 010986 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Traian","family":"Brad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cEmil Racovi\u0163\u0103\u201d Institute of Speleology, Clinicilor 5-7, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Ehrenfreund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2333 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans V.","family":"Westerhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cell Biology, A-LIFE, 01-E-57, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 3, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1953","article-title":"A Chemoautotrophically Based Cave Ecosystem","volume":"272","author":"Sarbu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/35059215","article-title":"Life in extreme environments","volume":"409","author":"Rothschild","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aerts, J., R\u00f6ling, W., Elsaesser, A., and Ehrenfreund, P. 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