{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:32:33Z","timestamp":1781004753672,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Entre R\u00edos","award":["PID 6226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 6226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the impact of hormonal imbalances during menopause, compounded by the natural ageing process, on bone health. Specifically, it examines the effects of increased bone turnover and focal bone balance on bone mass. A three-dimensional computational bone remodeling model was employed to simulate the response of the femur to habitual loads over a 19-year period, spanning premenopause, menopause, and postmenopause. The model was calibrated using experimental bone mineral density data from the literature to ensure accurate simulations. The study reveals that individual alterations in bone turnover or focal bone balance do not fully account for the observed experimental outcomes. Instead, simultaneous changes in both factors provide a more comprehensive explanation, leading to increased porosity while maintaining the material-to-apparent density ratio. Additionally, different load scenarios were tested, demonstrating that reaching the clinical osteoporosis threshold is independent of the timing of load changes. However, underload scenarios resulted in the threshold being reached approximately 6 years earlier than overload scenarios. These findings hold significant implications for strategies aimed at delaying the onset of osteoporosis and minimizing fracture risks through targeted mechanical stimulation during the early stages of menopause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"2155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Computational Analysis of the Influence of Menopause and Ageing on Bone Mineral Density, Exploring the Impact of Bone Turnover and Focal Bone Balance\u2014A Study on Overload and Underload Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciano","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioingenier\u00eda y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Universidad Nacional de Entre R\u00edos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Entre R\u00edos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Borau Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3593-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Mart\u00edn","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioingenier\u00eda y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Universidad Nacional de Entre R\u00edos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Entre R\u00edos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Eduardo","family":"Berli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Entre R\u00edos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Dynamics of bone remodeling","volume":"14","author":"Frost","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bone Biodyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500703","article-title":"Bone Remodeling in Post-menopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"85","author":"Lerner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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