{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:55:31Z","timestamp":1793408131855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EPSPG\/2021\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPSPG\/2021\/147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WD_2018_04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WD_2018_04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WD_2019_31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WD_2019_31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"WIT (SETU) President\u2019s Scholarship","award":["EPSPG\/2021\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPSPG\/2021\/147"]}]},{"name":"WIT (SETU) President\u2019s Scholarship","award":["WD_2018_04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WD_2018_04"]}]},{"name":"WIT (SETU) President\u2019s Scholarship","award":["WD_2019_31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WD_2019_31"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Authority COVID-19","award":["EPSPG\/2021\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPSPG\/2021\/147"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Authority COVID-19","award":["WD_2018_04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WD_2018_04"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Authority COVID-19","award":["WD_2019_31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WD_2019_31"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is a chronic inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior part of the eye in the aging population. Aging results in the reduced functionality of cells and tissues, including the cells of the retina. Initiators of a chronic inflammatory and pathologic state in wAMD may be a result of the accumulation of inevitable metabolic injuries associated with the maintenance of tissue homeostasis from a young age to over 50. Apart from this, risk factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and failure to repair the injuries that occur, alongside attempts to rescue the hypoxic outer retina may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and a compromised outer blood retinal barrier (BRB) result in the exposure of the privileged milieu of the retina to the systemic immune system, further increasing the severity of the disease. When immune-privileged sites like the retina are under pathological stress, certain age- and disease-related conditions may necessitate assistance from cells distant from the resident ones to help restore the functionality of the tissue. As a necessary part of tissue repair, inflammation is a major response to disease and recruits immune cells to the site of damage. We suspect that the specific reparative inflammatory responses are controlled by an autoantigen-T cell-mediated mechanism, a process that may be hindered in wAMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T01:48:45Z","timestamp":1700531325000},"page":"2236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immune System, Inflammation and Autoantigens in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Pathological Significance and Therapeutic Importance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreeraj","family":"Manikandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Cerrada-Gimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimentica Ltd., 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0763-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Fitzhenry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Kaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology, Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0937-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sweta","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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