{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:24:19Z","timestamp":1781645059036,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), also known as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), is a rare autoinflammatory bone disease primarily affecting children and adolescents. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between CNO and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), shedding light on shared pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management. A thorough literature review was conducted, encompassing 24 case reports involving 40 patients. The demographic distribution of patients revealed a near-equal gender ratio, with a median age of diagnosis at 12 years. The diagnosis patterns showed a higher proportion of CNO as the initial diagnosis, while Crohn\u2019s disease was more prevalent than ulcerative colitis. The time interval between the clinical presentations varied, ranging from simultaneous detection to a substantial 15-year gap. Treatment modalities included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, aminosalicylates, and biologic agents, such as infliximab, often overlapping in their use and suggesting shared pathophysiological pathways. Both conditions displayed systemic manifestations, and patients often responded well to immunosuppressive medications. The pathophysiology of CNO involves a genetic predisposition, cytokine dysregulation, and osteoclast activation. Dysregulated innate immunity results in immune cell infiltration into bones, causing sterile bone lesions. Notably, emerging evidence hints at a potential link between the microbiome and CNO. In contrast, IBD results from imbalanced mucosal immune responses to the intestinal microbiota. Polymorphisms in the promotor region of IL-10, common cytokines, immune cells, and genetic markers indicate shared immunological and genetic factors between CNO and IBD. Both conditions also involve extraintestinal symptoms. This analysis underscores the need for clinical awareness of the co-occurrence of CNO and IBD, especially among pediatric patients. A deepened understanding of the connections between these seemingly distinct diseases could lead to more effective management and improved patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T06:53:16Z","timestamp":1702623196000},"page":"2347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ariadni","family":"Tzaneti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elli","family":"Athanasopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smaragdi","family":"Fessatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lampros","family":"Fotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel190","article-title":"Classification of Non-Bacterial Osteitis: Retrospective Study of Clinical, Immunological and Genetic Aspects in 89 Patients","volume":"46","author":"Jansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Propionibacterium Acnes Isolated from Sternal Osteitis in a Patient with SAPHO Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Kotilainen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1998.tb01389.x","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Preceding Pyoderma Gangrenosum and Occult Ulcerative Colitis in a Pediatric Patient","volume":"15","author":"Siegfried","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026695224019","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children","volume":"44","author":"Bousvaros","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.16431","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Associated with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report","volume":"35","author":"Bazrafshan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.12.038","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s-Associated Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Responsive to Infliximab","volume":"144","author":"Carpenter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0653","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: What Is It and How Should It Be Treated?","volume":"3","author":"Girschick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.07.023","article-title":"Aseptic Osteomyelitis Responding to TNFalpha Antagonist Therapy in a Patient with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"75","author":"Bret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1029-x","article-title":"Association of Chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis with Crohn\u2019s Disease but Not with CARD15 Gene Variants","volume":"30","author":"Morbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2520-3","article-title":"Sternocostal Involvement in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Associated with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000663","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"60","author":"Audu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"240","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Associated with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"78","author":"Dehoorne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001228","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Crohn Disease: Complete Resolution With Anti-TNF\u03b1 Therapy","volume":"67","author":"Ramraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2018.06.008","article-title":"Case Series of Psoriasis Associated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Inhibitors in Children with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2019.84817","article-title":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Difficulties in a Patient with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Coexisting with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"57","author":"Gazda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"8157969","article-title":"A Case Report of Takayasu\u2019s Arteritis and Ulcerative Colitis in a Pediatric Patient with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Successfully Treated with Infliximab: Diagnostic Clues in Disease Associations and Immune Dysregulation","volume":"2019","author":"Hashmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5163213","article-title":"Unusual Manifestation of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"2019","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenze, A., Meadows, L., Kehinde, T., and Menchini, C.B. (2020). A Severe Presentation of Chronic Non-Infectious Osteomyelitis Associated with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02215-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14370","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in a Japanese Boy","volume":"63","author":"Fujisaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605211042996","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211042996","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis of the Left Femur Associated with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, H.Y., Guttman, O.R., and Tucker, L.B. (2021). Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis with Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis in a Child with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report. BMC Rheumatol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00186-3"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantarelli, E., Baccelli, F., Simonini, G., and Alvisi, P. (2021). Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Associated with Crohn Disease: A Potential Role of Exclusion Diet? Comment on Starz et al. The Modification of the Gut Microbiota via Selected Specific Diets in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114005"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003225","article-title":"Pediatric Patients with a Dual Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis","volume":"73","author":"Dushnicky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871993","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.871993","article-title":"Chronic Non-Infectious Osteomyelitis Mimicking Scurvy as the Presenting Sign of Crohn\u2019s Disease: Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2022.01.009","article-title":"From Bone Pain to Abdominal Pain: When Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Is Associated with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"63","author":"Mambelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costi, S., Germinario, S., Pandolfi, M., Pellico, M.R., Amati, A., Gattinara, M., Chighizola, C.B., Caporali, R., and Marino, A. (2023). Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review-Based Cohort. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030502"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440.e8","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.021","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease Exclusion Diet Plus Partial Enteral Nutrition Induces Sustained Remission in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"157","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072020-00025","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis. Association with Vertebra Plana","volume":"72","author":"Kahn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key058","article-title":"The Multifaceted Presentation of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: A Series of 486 Cases from the Eurofever International Registry","volume":"57","author":"Girschick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3572-6","article-title":"Unexpectedly High Incidences of Chronic Non-Bacterial as Compared to Bacterial Osteomyelitis in Children","volume":"36","author":"Schnabel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04400-x","article-title":"Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children: A Multicenter Case Series","volume":"40","author":"Concha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02205.x","article-title":"Nonbacterial Osteitis in Children: Data of a German Incidence Surveillance Study","volume":"100","author":"Jansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-015-0023-y","article-title":"Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children: A Retrospective Multicenter Study","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_464_17","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis\u2014A Case Series from India","volume":"52","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39013","article-title":"A Large National Cohort of French Patients with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteitis","volume":"67","author":"Wipff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04827-6","article-title":"Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis\u2014Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features","volume":"51","author":"Toma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(01)00276-7","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: Five-Year Outcomes in 14 Pediatric Cases","volume":"68","author":"Krebs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1048365","article-title":"Das Akquirierte Hyperostose-Syndrom (AHS). Synthese Aus 13 Eigenen Beobachtungen von Sternokostoklavikularer Hyperostose und Uber 300 Fallen Aus der Literatur. TEIL 1","volume":"149","author":"Dihlmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1190","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3788","article-title":"Pediatric Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis","volume":"130","author":"Borzutzky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-003-0526-7","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Association with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Entheropathic CRMO","volume":"62","author":"Schilling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.04.003","article-title":"Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j2083","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2083","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children","volume":"357","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100095","article-title":"Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis (CNO) and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0645-9","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis and Related Diseases\u2014Update on Pathogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19320","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Immune Homeostasis and Autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e43118","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: A Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511799","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799","article-title":"The Effect of Inflammation on Bone","volume":"11","author":"Epsley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i12.3255","article-title":"Dysregulation of Mucosal Immune Response in Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i25.3931","article-title":"Why Interleukin-10 Supplementation Does Not Work in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"19","author":"Marlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.11.005","article-title":"The Joint-Gut Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Brakenhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-017-0226-4","article-title":"An Update on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children","volume":"19","author":"Taddio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i30.5469","article-title":"Treating Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current and New Perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Guariso","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24402","article-title":"Clinical Score for Nonbacterial Osteitis in Children and Adults","volume":"60","author":"Jansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7694942","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7694942","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis","volume":"2017","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2544-6","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): A Longitudinal Case Series Review","volume":"43","author":"Falip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-016-0109-1","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)\u2014Advancing the Diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Roderick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0405-9","article-title":"Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Treatment","volume":"15","author":"Hofmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-11-47","article-title":"Autoinflammatory Bone Disorders with Special Focus on Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"11","author":"Hedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23462","article-title":"Consensus Treatment Plans for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Refractory to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and\/or With Active Spinal Lesions","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saez, A., Herrero-Fernandez, B., Gomez-Bris, R., S\u00e1nchez-Martinez, H., and Gonzalez-Granado, J.M. (2023). Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Innate Immune System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021526"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq122","article-title":"Biologic Therapy in Refractory Chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis of Childhood","volume":"49","author":"Eleftheriou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.08.047","article-title":"Bisphosphonate Treatment in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis","volume":"152","author":"Simm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-7-2","article-title":"Dramatic Pain Relief and Resolution of Bone Inflammation Following Pamidronate in 9 Pediatric Patients with Persistent Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"7","author":"Miettunen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/12\/2347\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:25Z","timestamp":1760132365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/12\/2347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["life13122347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13122347","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]}}}