{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T19:36:25Z","timestamp":1791747385307,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the findings of various studies, long-term AS consumption has effects on the gut microbiota and intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors in modulating incretin hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine secretion. These effects contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism, ion transport, gut permeability, and inflammation and modulate the gut\u2013brain, and gut\u2013kidney axes. Based on the conflicting findings of several in vitro, in vivo, and randomized and controlled studies, artificial sweeteners may have a role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, functional bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers via the modulation of nutrient-sensing receptors. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms underlying their effects to decide the risk\/benefit ratio of sugar intake reduction via AS and LCS consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1703056831000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3355-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edit","family":"Posta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istvan","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Gyarmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-0905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"St\u00fcndl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Zold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, M\u00f3ricz Zsigmond Str. 22, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571731","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571731","article-title":"Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Scheithauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shon, W.J., Jung, M.H., Kim, Y., Kang, G.H., Choi, E.Y., and Shin, D.M. (2023). Sugar-sweetened beverages exacerbate high-fat diet-induced inflammatory bowel disease by altering the gut microbiome. J. Nutr. Biochem., 113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109254"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.034751","article-title":"Low-calorie sweetener consumption is increasing in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Sylvetsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.03.030","article-title":"Trends in the consumption of low-calorie sweeteners","volume":"164","author":"Sylvetsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy037","article-title":"Effects of Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota: A Review of Experimental Studies and Clinical Trials","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i15.1708","article-title":"Etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: A unified hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, A., Veysey, M., Keely, S., Scarlett, C.J., Lucock, M., and Beckett, E.L. (2020). Intense Sweeteners, Taste Receptors and the Gut Microbiome: A Metabolic Health Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114094"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27462G","article-title":"T1R receptors mediate mammalian sweet and umami taste","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80658-3","article-title":"Putative mammalian taste receptors: A class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity","volume":"96","author":"Hoon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G171","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00073.2006","article-title":"Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. I. Bitter taste receptors and alpha-gustducin in the mammalian gut","volume":"291","author":"Rozengurt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13737","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13737","article-title":"Expression and function of umami receptors T1R1\/T1R3 in gastric smooth muscle","volume":"32","author":"Crowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"81","article-title":"Variation in the TAS1R2 Gene, Sweet Taste Perception and Intake of Sugars","volume":"8","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.10.018","article-title":"Bitter taste markers explain variability in vegetable sweetness, bitterness, and intake","volume":"87","author":"Dinehart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881177","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.881177","article-title":"Extra-Oral Taste Receptors-Function, Disease, and Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Behrens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751839","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.751839","article-title":"Whole-Brain Mapping of the Expression Pattern of T1R2, a Subunit Specific to the Sweet Taste Receptor","volume":"15","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00502","article-title":"Sweet Taste Receptor Serves to Activate Glucose- and Leptin-Responsive Neurons in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus and Participates in Glucose Responsiveness","volume":"10","author":"Kohno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfle, U., Elsholz, F.A., Kersten, A., Haarhaus, B., Schumacher, U., and Schempp, C.M. (2016). Expression and Functional Activity of the Human Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R38 in Human Placental Tissues and JEG-3 Cells. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030306"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R628","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00153.2018","article-title":"Cholecystokinin, gastrin, cholecystokinin\/gastrin receptors, and bitter taste receptor TAS2R14, trophoblast expression and signaling","volume":"316","author":"Taher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1832253","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms of taste genes and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Chisini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43030103","article-title":"Association of Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 Polymorphisms, Oral Microbiota, and Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"43","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02630-2","article-title":"Tuft cell integration of luminal states and interaction modules in tissues","volume":"473","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72094","article-title":"Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1736-7","article-title":"Taste receptors in innate immunity","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15999-6","article-title":"Bitter taste receptor T2R38 is expressed on skin-infiltrating lymphocytes and regulates lymphocyte migration","volume":"12","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.2A0714-331RR","article-title":"Class I odorant receptors, TAS1R and TAS2R taste receptors, are markers for subpopulations of circulating leukocytes","volume":"97","author":"Malki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftw004","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw004","article-title":"Sensing developing biofilms: The bitter receptor T2R38 on myeloid cells","volume":"74","author":"Gaida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03494-y","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors stimulate phagocytosis in human macrophages through calcium, nitric oxide, and cyclic-GMP signaling","volume":"78","author":"Gopallawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46166","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46166","article-title":"Bitter Taste Receptor Agonists Mitigate Features of Allergic Asthma in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.029","article-title":"Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonists inhibit IgE-dependent mast cell activation","volume":"134","author":"Ekoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7078214","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7078214","article-title":"Sweet Taste Receptors Mediated ROS-NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Activation: Implications for Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"2018","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305112","article-title":"Taste receptors of the gut: Emerging roles in health and disease","volume":"63","author":"Depoortere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dotson, C.D., Zhang, L., Xu, H., Shin, Y.K., Vigues, S., Ott, S.H., Elson, A.E., Choi, H.J., Shaw, H., and Egan, J.M. (2008). Bitter taste receptors influence glucose homeostasis. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003974"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0581","article-title":"Disordered control of intestinal sweet taste receptor expression and glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.73","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity","volume":"11","author":"Worthington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between serum ghrelin, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels, and disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"61","author":"Cekic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520410004839","article-title":"Enhanced glucose-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin secretion in Crohn patients with terminal ileum disease is unrelated to disease activity or ileal resection","volume":"39","author":"Bendet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0113-x","article-title":"Serum ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease with relation to disease activity and nutritional status","volume":"53","author":"Ates","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00741","article-title":"Gut Mechanisms Linking Intestinal Sweet Sensing to Glycemic Control","volume":"9","author":"Kreuch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01734","article-title":"Role of Incretin Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"8","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1648","article-title":"Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut","volume":"351","author":"Howitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900099","article-title":"The Taste Receptor TAS1R3 Regulates Small Intestinal Tuft Cell Homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Howitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strine, M.S., and Wilen, C.B. (2022). Tuft cells are key mediators of interkingdom interactions at mucosal barrier surfaces. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010318"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.029","article-title":"Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation","volume":"159","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001959","article-title":"Decreased number of colonic tuft cells in quiescent ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"33","author":"Kjaergaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00646","article-title":"An Update Review on the Paneth Cell as Key to Ileal Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Wehkamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144828","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144828","article-title":"Human intestinal bitter taste receptors regulate innate immune responses and metabolic regulators in obesity","volume":"132","author":"Liszt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2008.09.008","article-title":"Differences in goblet cell differentiation between Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"77","author":"Gersemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.08.010","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Causes Long-Term Changes in Goblet Cell Function","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-019-02271-6","article-title":"Sweet taste receptors as a tool for an amplifying pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells","volume":"471","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2237-6","article-title":"Electrophysiology of the pancreatic islet beta-cell sweet taste receptor TIR3","volume":"471","author":"Malaisse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murovets, V.O., Bachmanov, A.A., and Zolotarev, V.A. (2015). Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Mice Lacking the Tas1r3 Taste Receptor Gene. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130997"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012496619010010","article-title":"The Effect of the Taste Receptor Protein T1R3 on the Development of Islet Tissue of the Murine Pancreas","volume":"484","author":"Murovets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dokl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-017-0596-7","article-title":"Loss of the nutrient sensor TAS1R3 leads to reduced bone resorption","volume":"74","author":"Eaton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C270","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00485.2020","article-title":"Emerging roles of calcium-sensing receptor in the local regulation of intestinal transport of ions and calcium","volume":"320","author":"Chanpaisaeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11588","article-title":"The calcium-sensing receptor regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome through Ca2+ and cAMP","volume":"492","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elajnaf, T., Iamartino, L., Mesteri, I., Muller, C., Bassetto, M., Manhardt, T., Baumgartner-Parzer, S., Kallay, E., and Schepelmann, M. (2019). Nutritional and Pharmacological Targeting of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor Influences Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123072"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.12.023","article-title":"Gamma-Glutamyl cysteine and gamma-glutamyl valine inhibit TNF-alpha signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and reduce inflammation in a mouse model of colitis via allosteric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor","volume":"1852","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i36.4119","article-title":"Calcium-sensing receptor in colorectal inflammation and cancer: Current insights and future perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Iamartino","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0550","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in GPRC6A receptor knockout mice","volume":"217","author":"Clemmensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0412-5","article-title":"Total calcium-sensing receptor expression in circulating monocytes is increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients with severe coronary artery calcification","volume":"16","author":"Paccou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac020","article-title":"Role of Nutrient-sensing Receptor GPRC6A in Regulating Colonic Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Inflamed Mucosal Healing","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00261","article-title":"Analysis of the protein related receptor GPR92 in G-cells","volume":"6","author":"Rettenberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlatterer, K., Peschel, A., and Kretschmer, D. (2021). Short-Chain Fatty Acid and FFAR2 Activation\u2014A New Option for Treating Infections?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.785833"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takakuwa, A., Nakamura, K., Kikuchi, M., Sugimoto, R., Ohira, S., Yokoi, Y., and Ayabe, T. (2019). Butyric Acid and Leucine Induce alpha-Defensin Secretion from Small Intestinal Paneth Cells. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112817"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111448","article-title":"The role of fatty acids in Crohn\u2019s disease pathophysiology\u2014An overview","volume":"538","author":"Piotrowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1168","article-title":"Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120","volume":"11","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundstrom, L., Myhre, S., Sundqvist, M., Ahnmark, A., McCoull, W., Raubo, P., Groombridge, S.D., Polla, M., Nystrom, A.C., and Kristensson, L. (2017). The acute glucose lowering effect of specific GPR120 activation in mice is mainly driven by glucagon-like peptide 1. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189060"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulsen, S.J., Larsen, L.K., Hansen, G., Chelur, S., Larsen, P.J., and Vrang, N. (2014). Expression of the fatty acid receptor GPR120 in the gut of diet-induced-obese rats and its role in GLP-1 secretion. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088227"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.020","article-title":"Positive Reinforcing Mechanisms between GPR120 and PPARgamma Modulate Insulin Sensitivity","volume":"31","author":"Paschoal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2020.1838186","article-title":"Revisiting PPARgamma as a new friend of GPR120 in the treatment of metabolic disorders","volume":"9","author":"Paschoal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.39551","article-title":"DHA Sensor GPR120 in Host Defense Exhibits the Dual Characteristics of Regulating Dendritic Cell Function and Skewing the Balance of Th17\/Tregs","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03787-7","article-title":"GPR120 prevents colorectal adenocarcinoma progression by sustaining the mucosal barrier integrity","volume":"12","author":"Rubbino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw032","article-title":"Biological fate of low-calorie sweeteners","volume":"74","author":"Magnuson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746247","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.746247","article-title":"Artificial Sweeteners: History and New Concepts on Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Basson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10260","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1225-04.2004","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors for saccharin and acesulfame K","volume":"24","author":"Kuhn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, J., Meshram, N.N., Soundarapandian, M.M., Smith, K.R., Mason, C., Brown, I.S., Tyrberg, B., and Kyriazis, G.A. (2022). Saccharin Stimulates Insulin Secretion Dependent on Sweet Taste Receptor-Induced Activation of PLC Signaling Axis. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010120"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunderhauf, A., Pagel, R., Kunstner, A., Wagner, A.E., Rupp, J., Ibrahim, S.M., Derer, S., and Sina, C. (2020). Saccharin Supplementation Inhibits Bacterial Growth and Reduces Experimental Colitis in Mice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041122"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13793","article-title":"Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota","volume":"514","author":"Suez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, J., Smith, K.R., Crouch, A.L., Sharma, V., Yi, F., Vargova, V., LaMoia, T.E., Dupont, L.M., Serna, V., and Tang, F. (2021). High-dose saccharin supplementation does not induce gut microbiota changes or glucose intolerance in healthy humans and mice. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00976-w"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2023.2213903","article-title":"Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: In vitro screening assays","volume":"6","author":"Schiffman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy060","article-title":"The Artificial Sweetener Splenda Promotes Gut Proteobacteria, Dysbiosis, and Myeloperoxidase Reactivity in Crohn\u2019s Disease-Like Ileitis","volume":"24","author":"Harding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00710","article-title":"Sucralose Promotes Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Murine Model Along With Changes in Microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979624","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.979624","article-title":"Sucralose consumption ameliorates high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance and liver weight gain in mice","volume":"9","author":"Moya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823723","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.823723","article-title":"Sucralose, a Non-nutritive Artificial Sweetener Exacerbates High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis Through Taste Receptor Type 1 Member 3","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05801-6","article-title":"The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses","volume":"615","author":"Zani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4157-8","article-title":"Activation of the sweet taste receptor T1R3 by sucralose attenuates VEGF-induced vasculogenesis in a cell model of the retinal microvascular endothelium","volume":"257","author":"Lizunkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.001","article-title":"Effects of sucralose on insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in healthy subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"55\u201356","author":"Lertrit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez-Garcia, L.A., Bueno-Hernandez, N., Cid-Soto, M.A., De Leon, K.L., Mendoza-Martinez, V.M., Espinosa-Flores, A.J., Carrero-Aguirre, M., Esquivel-Velazquez, M., Leon-Hernandez, M., and Viurcos-Sanabria, R. (2022). Ten-Week Sucralose Consumption Induces Gut Dysbiosis and Altered Glucose and Insulin Levels in Healthy Young Adults. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020434"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15654","article-title":"Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa","volume":"36","author":"Hanawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, X. (2017). The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178426"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmnas, M.S., Cowan, T.E., Bomhof, M.R., Su, J., Reimer, R.A., Vogel, H.J., Hittel, D.S., and Shearer, J. (2014). Low-dose aspartame consumption differentially affects gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions in the diet-induced obese rat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109841"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy021","article-title":"Aspartame consumption for 12 weeks does not affect glycemia, appetite, or body weight of healthy, lean adults in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"148","author":"Higgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarnecka, K., Pilarz, A., Rogut, A., Maj, P., Szymanska, J., Olejnik, L., and Szymanski, P. (2021). Aspartame-True or False? Narrative Review of Safety Analysis of General Use in Products. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061957"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517693423","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism","volume":"45","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00725-y","article-title":"Aspartame and cancer\u2014new evidence for causation","volume":"20","author":"Landrigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.197475","article-title":"Artificially and sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption is not associated with risk of lymphoid neoplasms in older men and women","volume":"144","author":"McCullough","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13328","article-title":"Regular low-calorie sweetener consumption is associated with increased secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide","volume":"20","author":"Chia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shil, A., Olusanya, O., Ghufoor, Z., Forson, B., Marks, J., and Chichger, H. (2020). Artificial Sweeteners Disrupt Tight Junctions and Barrier Function in the Intestinal Epithelium through Activation of the Sweet Taste Receptor, T1R3. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061862"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shil, A., and Chichger, H. (2021). Artificial Sweeteners Negatively Regulate Pathogenic Characteristics of Two Model Gut Bacteria, E. coli and E. faecalis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105228"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00909-x","article-title":"Nonnutritive sweeteners can promote the dissemination of antibiotic resistance through conjugative gene transfer","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16397","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202216397","article-title":"Artificial sweeteners inhibit multidrug-resistant pathogen growth and potentiate antibiotic activity","volume":"15","author":"Proctor","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157714","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157714","article-title":"Early-life low-calorie sweetener consumption disrupts glucose regulation, sugar-motivated behavior, and memory function in rats","volume":"7","author":"Tsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debras, C., Chazelas, E., Srour, B., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y., Szabo de Edelenyi, F., Agaesse, C., De Sa, A., Lutchia, R., and Gigandet, S. (2022). Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk: Results from the NutriNet-Sante population-based cohort study. PLoS Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003950"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0206","article-title":"Artificial Sweeteners and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Prospective NutriNet-Sante Cohort","volume":"46","author":"Debras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e071204","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071204","article-title":"Artificial sweeteners and risk of cardiovascular diseases: Results from the prospective NutriNet-Sante cohort","volume":"378","author":"Debras","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023100","article-title":"Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"50","author":"Kamensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Pozo, S., Gomez-Martinez, S., Diaz, L.E., Nova, E., Urrialde, R., and Marcos, A. (2022). Potential Effects of Sucralose and Saccharin on Gut Microbiota: A Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081682"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac272","article-title":"Sweets and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Patients Favor Artificial Sweeteners and Diet Foods\/Drinks Over Table Sugar and Consume Less Fruits\/Vegetables","volume":"29","author":"Basson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effects of stevia on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Ajami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.03.009","article-title":"Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels","volume":"55","author":"Anton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14733","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14733","article-title":"Steviol glycosides enhance pancreatic beta-cell function and taste sensation by potentiation of TRPM5 channel activity","volume":"8","author":"Philippaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy102","article-title":"Stevia leaf to stevia sweetener: Exploring its science, benefits, and future potential","volume":"147","author":"Samuel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.232678","article-title":"The Noncaloric Sweetener Rebaudioside A Stimulates Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Release and Increases Enteroendocrine Cell Numbers in 2-Dimensional Mouse Organoids Derived from Different Locations of the Intestine","volume":"146","author":"Muckenschnabl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasti, A.N., Nikolaki, M.D., Synodinou, K.D., Katsas, K.N., Petsis, K., Lambrinou, S., Pyrousis, I.A., and Triantafyllou, K. (2022). The Effects of Stevia Consumption on Gut Bacteria: Friend or Foe?. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040744"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1053","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00037.2016","article-title":"Gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and glycemic responses to erythritol and xylitol in lean and obese subjects","volume":"310","author":"Cajacob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac026","article-title":"The Role of D-allulose and Erythritol on the Activity of the Gut Sweet Taste Receptor and Gastrointestinal Satiation Hormone Release in Humans: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"152","author":"Teysseire","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000665","article-title":"Mammalian metabolism of erythritol: A predictive biomarker of metabolic dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4233","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620079114","article-title":"Erythritol is a pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite and associated with adiposity gain in young adults","volume":"114","author":"Hootman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.09.002","article-title":"Effects of a nonnutritive sweetener on body adiposity and energy metabolism in mice with diet-induced obesity","volume":"63","author":"Mitsutomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamri, H.S., Akiel, M.A., Alghassab, T.S., Alfhili, M.A., Alrfaei, B.M., Aljumaa, M., and Barhoumi, T. (2022). Erythritol modulates the polarization of macrophages: Potential role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and Akt pathway. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13960"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, S., Ye, K., Li, M., Ying, J., Wang, H., Han, J., Shi, L., Xiao, J., Shen, Y., and Feng, X. (2021). Xylitol enhances synthesis of propionate in the colon via cross-feeding of gut microbiota. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01029-6"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salli, K., Lehtinen, M.J., Tiihonen, K., and Ouwehand, A.C. (2019). Xylitol\u2019s Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081813"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer-Gerspach, A.C., Drewe, J., Verbeure, W., Roux, C.W.L., Dellatorre-Teixeira, L., Rehfeld, J.F., Holst, J.J., Hartmann, B., Tack, J., and Peterli, R. (2021). Effect of the Natural Sweetener Xylitol on Gut Hormone Secretion and Gastric Emptying in Humans: A Pilot Dose-Ranging Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010174"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02580","article-title":"Binding Hotspot and Activation Mechanism of Maltitol and Lactitol toward the Human Sweet Taste Receptor","volume":"68","author":"Mahalapbutr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"464","article-title":"Relationship between molecular structures of sugars and their ability to stimulate the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 from canine ileal loops","volume":"123","author":"Shima","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1216527","article-title":"Maltitol inhibits small intestinal glucose absorption and increases insulin mediated muscle glucose uptake ex vivo but not in normal and type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"68","author":"Chukwuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.0120","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols: An Overview","volume":"21","author":"Barbalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02755-1","article-title":"FODMAPs, inflammatory bowel disease and gut microbiota: Updated overview on the current evidence","volume":"61","author":"Simoes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shon, W.J., Song, J.W., Oh, S.H., Lee, K.H., Seong, H., You, H.J., Seong, J.K., and Shin, D.M. (2023). Gut taste receptor type 1 member 3 is an intrinsic regulator of Western diet-induced intestinal inflammation. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02848-0"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:42:11Z","timestamp":1760132531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["life14010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}}}