{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:46:05Z","timestamp":1792431965077,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic post-surgical pain is a condition persisting for not less than 3 months after surgical intervention. It is evaluated that 25\u201360% of women who underwent breast cancer excision suffer from post-mastectomy pain syndrome, and anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and catastrophizing. Physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases and has a good impact on mood and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of physical activity on the intensity of pain, depression, and anxiety in women who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer removal. Methods: A prospective observational unicentric cohort study was performed. Patients were females who underwent unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used to measure pain intensity, Beck\u2019s Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression, and Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety evaluation. Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Interleukin (IL)-17, IL-1\u03b2, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also evaluated in the blood of patients. All evaluations were assessed 3 and 6 months after the surgery. Results: Adequate physical activity reduced the intensity of pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms in women affected by post-mastectomy pain syndrome. Moreover, adequately active women showed a reduction in biomarkers of inflammation, cortisol, ACTH, and an increase of BDNF. Conclusions: Our results suggest that physical activity can improve the quality of life, reduce the intensity of pain and inflammatory markers, and be useful in the reduction of associated anxiety and depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T06:04:09Z","timestamp":1704175449000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Physical Exercise and Motor Activity on Depression and Anxiety in Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Calapai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Puzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Therapy Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele Alfio","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Blandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Therapy Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ammendolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaconcetta","family":"Curr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ficarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Genetics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Martino\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Trimarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Di Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioacchino","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1292-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: The IASP classification of chronic pain for the international classification of diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2018.31.3.155","article-title":"Chronic postsurgical pain: Current evidence for prevention and management","volume":"31","author":"Thapa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. 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