{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:58:53Z","timestamp":1790834333315,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102692"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis is the leading cause of life-threatening diarrheal infection, especially in infants. Oocysts contaminate the environment, and also, being a zoonotic disease, cryptosporidiosis is a threat to One Health. Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved drug, effective only in immunocompetent adults, and is not safe for infants. The absence of mitochondria and apicoplast, the presence of an electron-dense band (ED band), hindrances in its genetic and phenotypic manipulations, and its unique position inside the host cell are some challenges to the anti-cryptosporidial drug-discovery process. However, many compounds, including herbal products, have shown efficacy against Cryptosporidium during in vitro and in vivo trials. Still, the \u201cdrug of choice\u201d against this protozoan parasite, especially in immunocompromised individuals and infants, has not yet been explored. The One-Health approach addresses this issue, focusing on the intersection of animal, human, and environmental health. The objective of this review is to provide knowledge about novel anti-cryptosporidial drug targets, available treatment options with associated limitations, and possible future shifts toward natural products to treat cryptosporidiosis. The current review is organized to address the treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis. An anti-cryptosporidial drug that is effective in immunocompromised individuals and infants is a necessity of our time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T03:18:07Z","timestamp":1704251887000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anti-Cryptosporidial Drug-Discovery Challenges and Existing Therapeutic Avenues: A \u201cOne-Health\u201d Concern"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Munwar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4532-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Ezzat","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qazal","family":"Hina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u20132015: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.018","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in patients with HIV\/AIDS: Epidemiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1785432","article-title":"Novel drug targets for treatment of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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