{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:11:09Z","timestamp":1785420669054,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Labo\u2019Life France"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) is often kept silent and asymptomatic; however, its reactivation induces a chronic and\/or recurrent infection that is associated with numerous diseases, including cancer and inflammation-related disorders. As no specific treatment is currently available, the immune factors-based micro-immunotherapy (MI) medicine 2LEBV\u00ae could be considered a valuable therapeutic option to sustain the immune system in EBV reactivation. Methods: The present work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effect of 2LEBV\u00ae in several in vitro models of uninfected immune-related cells. Results: 2LEBV\u00ae displayed phagocytosis-enhancing capabilities in granulocytes. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), it increased the intra- and extra-cellular expression of interleukin (IL)-2. Moreover, it modulated the secretion of other cytokines, increasing IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 levels or lowering other cytokines levels such as IL-9. Finally, 2LEBV\u00ae reduced the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-II in endothelial cells and macrophages. Conclusions: Although these data are still preliminary and the chosen models do not consider the underlying EBV-reactivation mechanisms, they still provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of 2LEBV\u00ae, both at functional and molecular levels. Furthermore, they open perspectives regarding the potential targets of 2LEBV\u00ae in its employment as a therapeutic intervention for EBV-associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T03:36:58Z","timestamp":1704771418000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding the Mode of Action of a Micro-Immunotherapy Formulation: Pre-Clinical Evidence from the Study of 2LEBV\u00ae Active Ingredients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8044-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Jacques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Department, Labo\u2019Life France, Pescalis-Les Magnys, 79320 Moncoutant-sur-Sevre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProfileHIT, 7 rue du Buisson, 44680 Sainte-Pazanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Chatelais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProfileHIT, 7 rue du Buisson, 44680 Sainte-Pazanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Brulefert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMA Life Sciences, 1 bis rue des Plantes\u2014CS 50011, 86160 Gen\u00e7ay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Floris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Department, Labo\u2019Life France, Pescalis-Les Magnys, 79320 Moncoutant-sur-Sevre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.03.001","article-title":"Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"102","author":"Dunmire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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