{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:58:49Z","timestamp":1774317529629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence in breast and axilla surgery from an Australasian perspective is discussed in this narrative review with a focus on breast cancer and reconstruction surgery. The authors have nearly a decade of experience with ICG in a high-volume institution, which has resulted in publications and ongoing future research evaluating its use for predicting mastectomy skin flap perfusion for reconstruction, lymphatic mapping for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, and axillary reverse mapping (ARM) for prevention of lymphoedema. In the authors\u2019 experience, routine use of ICG angiography during breast reconstruction postmastectomy was demonstrated to be cost-effective for the reduction of ischemic complications in the Australian setting. A novel tracer combination, ICG\u2013technetium-99m offered a safe and effective substitute to the \u201cgold standard\u201d dual tracer for SLN biopsy, although greater costs were associated with ICG. An ongoing trial will evaluate ARM node identification using ICG fluorescence during axillary lymph node dissection and potential predictive factors of ARM node involvement. These data add to the growing literature on ICG and allow future research to build on this to improve understanding of the potential benefits of fluorescence-guided surgery in breast cancer and reconstruction surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T07:41:28Z","timestamp":1705477288000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evolution of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Breast and Axilla Surgery: An Australasian Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chu Luan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7206-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirmal","family":"Dayaratna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susannah","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Pulitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Warrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077492","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1077492","article-title":"The primary application of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in surgical oncology","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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