{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:50:54Z","timestamp":1790877054400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent times, there have been notable changes in cardiovascular medicine, propelled by the swift advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). The present work provides an overview of the current applications and challenges of AI in the field of heart failure. It emphasizes the \u201cgarbage in, garbage out\u201d issue, where AI systems can produce inaccurate results with skewed data. The discussion covers issues in heart failure diagnostic algorithms, particularly discrepancies between existing models. Concerns about the reliance on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) for classification and treatment are highlighted, showcasing differences in current scientific perceptions. This review also delves into challenges in implementing AI, including variable considerations and biases in training data. It underscores the limitations of current AI models in real-world scenarios and the difficulty in interpreting their predictions, contributing to limited physician trust in AI-based models. The overarching suggestion is that AI can be a valuable tool in clinicians\u2019 hands for treating heart failure patients, as far as existing medical inaccuracies have been addressed before integrating AI into these frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T05:46:44Z","timestamp":1705643204000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Heart Failure: Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Bourazana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9439-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Xanthopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Briasoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Heart Failure and Transplantation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5417-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Magouliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4332-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyriakos","family":"Spiliopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanos","family":"Athanasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Vassilopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly Medical School, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Skoularigis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippos","family":"Triposkiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00284-X","article-title":"Defining heart failure","volume":"50","author":"Coronel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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