{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:35:18Z","timestamp":1791477318397,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USAID\/OFDA and USAID\/BHA","award":["720FDA20IO00133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["720FDA20IO00133"]}]},{"name":"USAID\/OFDA and USAID\/BHA","award":["OOD\/2018402-634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOD\/2018402-634"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["720FDA20IO00133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["720FDA20IO00133"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["OOD\/2018402-634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOD\/2018402-634"]}]},{"name":"HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland","award":["720FDA20IO00133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["720FDA20IO00133"]}]},{"name":"HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland","award":["OOD\/2018402-634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOD\/2018402-634"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Before the invasion of the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda into Africa, smallholder farmers had been using indigenous practices such as applying fish soup to plants to manage stemborer pests. Although farmers have since begun adapting this practice against FAW, no attempt has been made to scientifically evaluate this practice. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy of applying fish soup to maize plants that were artificially infested with FAW under semi-field conditions. Our results showed that foliar damage is inversely correlated with the concentration of a fish soup and sugar solution, with the highest (100%) concentration resulting in the lowest foliar damage and the highest plant recovery. The FAW foliar damage results for maize plants treated with 100%, 50%, 10% fish soup and sugar, and distilled water were 46.3 \u00b1 5.6, 51.1 \u00b1 5.0, 71.6 \u00b1 5.2, and 99.4 \u00b1 0.4%, respectively, whereas plant recovery results from the same treatments were 35.2 \u00b1 3.7, 31.1 \u00b1 5.4, 20.0 \u00b1 4.6, and 0.0 \u00b1 0.0%, respectively. A concentration of fish soup and sugar solution of at least 25.9% was required to achieve the lowest foliar damage of 17.8% and peak plant recovery of 73.6%. Fish soup and sugar solutions attracted a wide range of insects, including potential natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of FAW, in a dose-dependent manner. Maize plants treated with fish soup and sugar showed higher chlorophyll content and better growth than the control did. Proximate and chemical analysis showed that fish soup contains essential plant growth nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium). Through GC-MS analyses, we identified 76 volatile organic compounds in fish soup, of which 16 have been reported as insect attractants, highlighting their potential ecological significance. Therefore, the indigenous pest management practices for FAW, such as the use of fish soup, deserve particular attention. These practices could contribute to food security and improve the livelihoods of vulnerable communities. Further field validation studies, economic analyses, product development, and optimisation are therefore required to optimise the use of fish soup based on fish waste.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T06:54:12Z","timestamp":1706165652000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Validating Indigenous Farmers\u2019 Practice in the Management of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Maize Cropping Systems in Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1061-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saliou","family":"Niassy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evanson Rigan","family":"Omuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Emanuel","family":"Khang\u2019ati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"B\u00e4chinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Land Nature Environment, Geneva School of Engineering Architecture and Landscape, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, CH-1254 Jussy, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8669-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Mfuti","family":"Kupesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9779-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Cheseto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Mbatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6836-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira Abuelgasim","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mphatso","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machinga Agricultural Development Division, Liwonde Private Bag 3, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Mulila","family":"Mitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Figtree Limited (Figtree Consulting Services), Lusaka P.O. Box 33304-10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeneneh","family":"Belayneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID\u2019s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA) and Technical and Program Quality (TPQ), 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Delabays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Land Nature Environment, Geneva School of Engineering Architecture and Landscape, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, CH-1254 Jussy, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9977-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lefort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Land Nature Environment, Geneva School of Engineering Architecture and Landscape, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, CH-1254 Jussy, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunday","family":"Ekesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevgan","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Prasanna, B., Huesing, J., Eddy, R., and Peschke, V. (2018). Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management, CIMMYT. CDMX."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goergen, G., Kumar, P.L., Sankung, S.B., Togola, A., and Tam\u00f2, M. (2016). First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. 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