{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:05:12Z","timestamp":1783699512107,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus may cause severe infection, which is associated with diverse clinical manifestations. Vitamin D has immunomodulating properties and may enhance the body\u2019s defense system against invading pathogenic organisms. The aim was to assess 25(OH)D3 levels in patients hospitalized for severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and explore the relationship between 25(OH)D3 and outcomes. In a group of 88 patients hospitalized for severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a control group matched for age and sex, the levels of 25(OH)D3 were analyzed. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were 17.36 \u00b1 8.80 ng\/mL (mean \u00b1 SD) compared with 24.34 \u00b1 10.34 ng\/mL in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and the control group, respectively, p &lt; 0.001 (Student\u2019s t-test). 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly related to outcomes, i.e., survival as opposed to non-survival, as more patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency (0\u201310 ng\/mL) and insufficiency (10\u201320 ng\/mL) had a fatal outcome as compared with those with vitamin D sufficiency (p &lt; 0.001, chi-square test, p &lt; 0.001, Fisher\u2019s exact test). Levels of 25(OH)D3 were inversely related to C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, d-dimer, and fibrinogen levels (p &lt; 0.001, linear regression analysis, beta coefficient of variation, \u22120.176, \u22120.160, \u22120.178, and \u22120.158, respectively). Vitamin D deficiency observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was related to disease outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T08:44:06Z","timestamp":1706690646000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D Levels as a Marker of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lambros","family":"Athanassiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2029-8372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifigenia","family":"Kostoglou-Athanassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Nikolakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Konstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Mascha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Siarkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charilaos","family":"Samaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4370-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Athanassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, GR55134 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Shoenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Reichman University, Herzelya 4610101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrag, M.A., Amer, H.M., Bhat, R., Hamed, M.E., Aziz, I.M., Mubarak, A., Dawoud, T.M., Almalki, S.G., Alghofaili, F., and Alnemare, A.K. 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