{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:01Z","timestamp":1790804941691,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Among all studies describing COVID-19 clinical features during the first wave of the pandemic, only a few retrospective studies have assessed the correlation between olfac-tory dysfunction (OD) and the evolution of disease severity. The main aim was to assess whether OD is a predictive factor of COVID-19 severity based on the patient\u2019s medical management (outpa-tient care, standard hospital admission, and ICU admission). Methods: A national, prospective, mul-ticenter cohort study was conducted in 20 public hospitals and a public center for COVID-19 screen-ing. During the first wave of the pandemic, from 6 April to 11 May 2020, all patients tested positive for COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR underwent two follow-up ENT consultations within 10 days of symptom onset. The main outcome measures were the evolution of medical management (out-patient care, standard hospital admission, and ICU admission) at diagnosis and along the clinical course of COVID-19 disease. Results: Among 481 patients included, the prevalence of OD was 60.7%, and it affected mostly female patients (74.3%) under 65 years old (92.5%), with fewer comor-bidities than patients with normal olfactory function. Here, 99.3% (290\/292) of patients with OD presented with non-severe COVID-19 disease. Patients reporting OD were significantly less hospi-talized than the ones managed as outpatients, in either a standard medical unit or an ICU. Conclu-sions: As regards the clinical course of COVID-19 disease, OD could predict a decreased risk of hospitalization during the first wave of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T08:34:35Z","timestamp":1708590875000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Prognostic Value of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19: The COVIDORA Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Hamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"URC, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Delbos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Sant\u00e9 Publique et d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie, H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94270 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Andr\u00e9","family":"Natella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"URC, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5939-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Radulesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Head and Neck Surgery, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille Univesity, F-13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, IUSTI, F-13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Alexandru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Service d\u2019ORL, F-94270 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, UMR-S933 Genetic Diseases of Pediatric Expression, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bartaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GHICL, H\u00f4pital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Centre de Sant\u00e9 SOMeD, F-59777 Lille, France"},{"name":"Centre de Sant\u00e9 Richerand, F-75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bartier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"CNRS EMR 7000, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonda","family":"Benoite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9l\u00e9gation \u00e0 la Recherche Clinique et \u00e0 l\u2019Innovation, GHICL, H\u00f4pital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Facult\u00e9 Libre de M\u00e9decine de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Bequignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"CNRS EMR 7000, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal de Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, F-06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Canou\u00ef-Poitrine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"CNRS EMR 7000, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Service de Sant\u00e9 Publique, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florent","family":"Carsuzaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale et d\u2019Audiophonologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"LITEC UR15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Corr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Hopital Fondation Rothschild, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Coste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"CNRS EMR 7000, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal de Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Couloigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL P\u00e9diatrique, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9mentine","family":"Daveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"De Boissieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Sant\u00e9 Publique et d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie, H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94270 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"De Bonnecaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, P\u00f4le Clinique des Voies Respiratoires, H\u00f4pital Larrey, F-31059 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, F-31062 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Laboratoire Center for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"De Gabory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Debry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, H\u00f4pital de Hautepierre, F-67200 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 INSERM 1121 Biomat\u00e9riaux et Bioing\u00e9nierie, CRBS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Deraedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, GHICL, H\u00f4pital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Facult\u00e9 Libre de M\u00e9decine de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale et d\u2019Audiophonologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissame","family":"El Bakkouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Hopital Fondation Rothschild, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Gilain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Nutrition Humaine, \u00c9quipe ASMS UMR 1019, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CNRH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, H\u00f4pital Foch, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, F-92150 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5056-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hautefort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1141, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale et d\u2019Audiophonologie, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Equipe IMPACT, F-69500 Bron, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service ORL, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, DevAH, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"La Croix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Lecanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Institut Arthur Vernes, F-75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Malard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nante, 1 Place A. Ricordeau H\u00f4tel-Dieu, F-44093 Nantes, France"},{"name":"INSERM, UMRS 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), F-44093 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Head and Neck Surgery, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille Univesity, F-13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, IUSTI, F-13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service ORL, GHU Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Nevoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Service d\u2019ORL, F-94270 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, UMR-S933 Genetic Diseases of Pediatric Expression, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Papon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Service d\u2019ORL, F-94270 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, UMR-S933 Genetic Diseases of Pediatric Expression, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Patron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Caen, F-14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Prigent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Pruliere-Escabasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal de Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8441-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, H\u00f4pital de Hautepierre, F-67200 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Rumeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service ORL, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, DevAH, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Direction des relations internationales, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75270 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Saroul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Nutrition Humaine, \u00c9quipe ASMS UMR 1019, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CNRH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, P\u00f4le Clinique des Voies Respiratoires, H\u00f4pital Larrey, F-31059 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, F-31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Nhung Tran Khai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Service d\u2019ORL, F-94270 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3236-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Tringali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d\u2019ORL, d\u2019Otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, F-69310 Pierre B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"UMR 5305, Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69367 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Truy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale et d\u2019Audiophonologie, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clair","family":"Vandersteen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, F-06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, F-06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Verillaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1141, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0557-5180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Veil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Sant\u00e9 Publique et d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie, H\u00f4pital Bic\u00eatre, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94270 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Fieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d\u2019ORL, d\u2019Otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, F-69310 Pierre B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"UMR 5305, Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69367 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak","volume":"109","author":"Rothan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0832","article-title":"Sudden and Complete Olfactory Loss of Function as a Possible Symptom of COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"Eliezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.116","article-title":"Presentation of New Onset Anosmia during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00961-1","article-title":"The Loss of Smell and Taste in the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Tale of Many Countries","volume":"20","author":"Mullol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2021.05.010","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Altered Sense of Smell\/Taste during COVID-19 First Wave: A French Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"139","author":"Lisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820929185","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction and Sinonasal Symptomatology in COVID-19: Prevalence, Severity, Timing, and Associated Characteristics","volume":"163","author":"Speth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820926473","article-title":"The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"163","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moln\u00e1r, A., Maihoub, S., Mavrogeni, P., Krasznai, M., Tam\u00e1s, L., and Kraxner, H. (2023). The Correlation between the Results of the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Test, Demographic Data, and Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders in a Hungarian Population after a SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031041"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26354","article-title":"A Structural Equation Model to Examine the Clinical Features of Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19: A Multicenter Italian Study","volume":"93","author":"Barillari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13089","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of 1420 European Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"288","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000045","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by Real-Time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2021.01.003","article-title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in France: The Critical COVID-19 France (CCF) Study","volume":"114","author":"Bonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00821-4","article-title":"Comorbidities and Clinical Complications Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Overview","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy","volume":"323","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72,314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-02931-z","article-title":"Modelling the Risk of Hospital Admission of Lab Confirmed SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients in Primary Care: A Population-Based Study","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COVID-ICU Group on behalf of the REVA Network and the COVID-ICU Investigators (2021). Clinical Characteristics and Day-90 Outcomes of 4244 Critically Ill Adults with COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study. Intensive Care Med., 47, 60\u201373.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06294-x"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155156","article-title":"Mendelian Randomization Study of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients","volume":"129","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e047561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047561","article-title":"Hypertension Is the Major Predictor of Poor Outcomes among Inpatients with COVID-19 Infection in the UK: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"Basu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"552","article-title":"Olfactory and Taste Dysfunctions Caused by COVID-19: A Nationwide Study","volume":"61","author":"Miwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29286","article-title":"Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-Analysis of 27,492 Patients","volume":"131","author":"Saniasiaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Bartheld, C.S., and Wang, L. (2023). Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030430"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215123000877","article-title":"Olfactory Recovery Following Omicron Variant Infection: A Psychophysical Prospective Case-Control Study with Six-Month Follow Up","volume":"137","author":"Vaira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiLena, D.D., Warton, E.M., Vinson, D.R., Siqueiros, M.H., Rauchwerger, A.S., Mark, D.G., Skarbinski, J., Cholleti, S.M., Durant, E.J., and Reed, M.E. (2023). Smells like a Variant: How the Association between COVID-19 and Olfactory Dysfunction Changed between 2019 and 2022. J. Intern. Med., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13760"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Is a Functional Receptor for the SARS Coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Analysis on the Receptor ACE2 Expression Reveals the Potential Risk of Different Human Organs Vulnerable to 2019-nCoV Infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00210","article-title":"Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in Cells of the Olfactory Epithelium: Identification of Cell Types and Trends with Age","volume":"11","author":"Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001948","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01948-2020","article-title":"Elevated ACE-2 Expression in the Olfactory Neuroepithelium: Implications for Anosmia and Upper Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Replication","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.027","article-title":"Visualizing in Deceased COVID-19 Patients How SARS-CoV-2 Attacks the Respiratory and Olfactory Mucosae but Spares the Olfactory Bulb","volume":"184","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.11.003","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: New Insights into the Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Butowt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27526","article-title":"Omicron and Delta Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Comparative Computational Study of Spike Protein","volume":"94","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Entry into Cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock, T.P., Brown, J.C., Zhou, J., Thakur, N., Sukhova, K., Newman, J., Kugathasan, R., Yan, A.W.C., Furnon, W., and Lorenzo, G.D. (2022). The Altered Entry Pathway and Antigenic Distance of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Map to Separate Domains of Spike Protein. bioRxiv, bioRxiv:2021-12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.31.474653"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.103944","article-title":"Recovery from Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction Following COVID-19 Acquired during Omicron BA.1 Wave in Italy","volume":"44","author":"Tirelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00986-w","article-title":"The UGT2A1\/UGT2A2 Locus Is Associated with COVID-19-Related Loss of Smell or Taste","volume":"54","author":"Shelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22735","article-title":"Odorant-Binding Proteins and Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes: Implications in Olfactory Perireceptor Events","volume":"296","author":"Heydel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa055","article-title":"Interactions between Odorants and Glutathione Transferases in the Human Olfactory Cleft","volume":"45","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/349790a0","article-title":"Odorant Signal Termination by Olfactory UDP Glucuronosyl Transferase","volume":"349","author":"Lazard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"61","article-title":"Subjective Evaluation of Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients with Mild COVID-19 in Spain","volume":"156","author":"Villareal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(02)00455-2","article-title":"Glucuronidation of Odorant Molecules in the Rat Olfactory System: Activity, Expression and Age-Linked Modifications of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Isoforms, UGT1A6 and UGT2A1, and Relation to Mitral Cell Activity","volume":"107","author":"Leclerc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.012070","article-title":"Tissue- and Gender-Specific mRNA Expression of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in Mice","volume":"35","author":"Buckley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos. Biol. Fate Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00956","article-title":"COVID-19-Related Anosmia: The Olfactory Pathway Hypothesis and Early Intervention","volume":"11","author":"Gori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571416","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.571416","article-title":"Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections?","volume":"11","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3","article-title":"Sex Differences in Immune Responses That Underlie COVID-19 Disease Outcomes","volume":"588","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27081","article-title":"Immunological Aspects and Gender Bias during Respiratory Viral Infections Including Novel Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): A Scoping Review","volume":"93","author":"Vadakedath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06548-w","article-title":"Epidemiological, Otolaryngological, Olfactory and Gustatory Outcomes According to the Severity of COVID-19: A Study of 2579 Patients","volume":"278","author":"Lechien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06656-1","article-title":"Correction to: Epidemiological, Otolaryngological, Olfactory and Gustatory Outcomes According to the Severity of COVID-19: A Study of 2579 Patients","volume":"278","author":"Lechien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08163-x","article-title":"Distinct Smell and Taste Disorder Phenotype of Post-Acute COVID-19 Sequelae","volume":"280","author":"Rass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.06.012","article-title":"Targeting Cytokine Storm to Manage Patients with COVID-19: A Mini-Review","volume":"51","author":"Roshanravan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1884248","article-title":"Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19: A Major Mechanism of Morbidity and Mortality","volume":"41","author":"Que","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01344-4","article-title":"Is Loss of Smell an Early Predictor of COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Purja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211017442","article-title":"Association Between Olfactory Dysfunction and Critical Illness and Mortality in COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"166","author":"Goshtasbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117163","article-title":"Anosmia Is Associated with Lower In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19","volume":"419","author":"Talavera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.129","article-title":"Characteristic Analysis of Omicron-Included SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"865","article-title":"Objective Sensory Testing Methods Reveal a Higher Prevalence of Olfactory Loss in COVID-19-Positive Patients Compared to Subjective Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Hannum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/3\/293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:01Z","timestamp":1760104981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/3\/293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life14030293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14030293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]}}}